Shan Changjun's Literary Changes
Let’s talk about those literary works that have been adapted
Previous article Literary Changes, (click to view). Whether it's a masterpiece or a weird one, "Journey to the West", a free super IP, has become a timeless topic in China and a cash cow for producers (it is said that there are more than 20 "Journey to the West" projects that have been approved but have not yet been released in the past two years. department).
There are also many adaptations of Journey to the West around the world, and Japan can be said to be the country that has the most fondness for "Journey to the West" besides China. In this issue of Literary Change, Shanchang-kun plans to study the Japanese version of Journey to the West to see if it really "destroys the three views" as the legend says.
Countless anime versions
The relationship between Japanese animation and "Journey to the West" begins with Osamu Tezuka, the originator of modern Japanese comics and the father of Astro Boy.
In 1943, 15-year-old Osamu Tezuka watched Asia's first animated feature film, "Princess with the Iron Fan" produced by the Chinese Wan brothers (Wan Guchan, Wan Laiming, Wan Chaochen, Wan Dihuan), which inspired him Then came the idea of creating adult animation. Wan Laiming also became one of the most important figures who influenced Osamu Tezuka in his early days.
After becoming a cartoonist, Osamu Tezuka began to challenge the theme of Sun Wukong in 1952 with his longing for Mr. Wan Laiming and China, whom he had no chance to meet at that time, and created the comic "Iron Wall Astro Boy" in the same year. Osamu Tezuka once said that Astro Boy's movements and flying were actually inspired by Sun Wukong.
Toei's "Journey to the West" adapted from "My Monkey King" was Japan's first animation about Journey to the West (released in 1960). At that time, animation creation was greatly influenced by American Disney, including Wan's The Iron Fan Princess and Osamu Tezuka. The Sun Wukong has the shadow of Mickey Mouse. On the left is the image of Sun Wukong in "Princess Iron Fan", and on the right is the image of Sun Wukong by Osamu Tezuka.
In 1961, the domestic animation "Havoc in Heaven" directed by Wan Laiming of the Wan Brothers was released. Yan Dingxian, who was responsible for the original painting design of "Havoc in Heaven", went to Japan to participate in the "Chinese Art Film and Animation Exhibition" in 1981. After meeting Osamu Tezuka, he took the photo below of shaking hands. The two also collaborated on the creation of Astro Boy and A cartoon of Sun Wukong shaking hands.
On the left is Osamu Tezuka, on the right is Yan Dingxian
In 1988, Osamu Tezuka, who was suffering from gastric cancer, came to China and paid a special visit to Wan Laiming, who was already in his seventies. After returning to Japan, Tezuka Osamu completed the draft of his last TV cartoon "My Son Goku" and wrote "This is my Son Goku" on the title page. He ended his comic career with this work that was filled with special emotions, and also used this work to say goodbye to Wan Laiming who was far away in China.
There is a scene in Osamu Tezuka's TV version of the animation "My Son Wukong". Tezuka travels to the Great Wall of China, and someone next to him says to him: "Tezuka-san, this is your most beloved person." A figure in the distance Appeared, Tezuka said excitedly: "Teacher Wan…Wan Laiming!" Then the two walked along the Great Wall and chatted:
"Oh~ have you watched the "Journey to the West" I produced?"
"yes!"
"Oh, that's glorious."
"Teacher Wan"
"Actually, I want to make a work with Sun Wukong as the protagonist."
"Ho Ho~ Sun Wukong?"
"yes!"
"If you do it, it will definitely be a work full of whimsical ideas!"
"Yes! The Sun Wukong I created takes the universe as the stage!"
Shan Changjun is about to burst into tears…
After Osamu Tezuka opened the era of modern Japanese comics and adapted "Journey to the West", Japan has successively produced many animation works related to "Journey to the West":
"SF Journey to the West" in 1978, science fiction theme.
The 1983 "Boy Riding a Dragon", the predecessor of "Dragon Ball", tells the story of Tang Tong, a young man who has practiced martial arts for many years and is assigned by the immortal master to escort the princess of the Kingdom of Hua back to the motherland.
The 1984 "Dragon Ball", Akira Toriyama's masterpiece, only used character names and the plot was slightly related to "Journey to the West". "Dragon Ball" became popular all over the world, creating the glory of Japanese comics and creating sales of well over 230 million copies.
The 1996 "Journey to the West" is also a fantasy adventure story that only uses character names and plots that are slightly related to "Journey to the West".
The 1998 "Journey to the West" is a subversive work that humanizes mythical characters and inserts them into historical events.
Others include "GO! GO! WEST", "Wukong Tao", "Journey to the West", "Journey to the West: Monkey King's Great Adventure", "Journey to the West Girls", "Young Journey to the West", "Journey to the East", etc., really There are countless other popular animations that will also create theatrical versions based on Journey to the West:
1988 "Doraemon: Big Bear's Parallel Journey to the West"
It can be said that Journey to the West is one of the favorite sources of inspiration in the Japanese animation industry, and the scope of adaptations has become larger and larger. Later, it has evolved into works with the same character names but completely different storylines and world structures. Among these works The number of hits that have received critical acclaim and become popular is also quite impressive.
The film and television version of "Destroying Three Views"
Different from the tolerant attitude gained by animation, the live-action version of "Journey to the West" filmed in Japan has generally been criticized by the Chinese people.
The Japanese movie about "Journey to the West" was filmed much earlier than the TV series. In 1940, an "opera version" of Journey to the West was produced with singing and acting: "Eno no Monkey King". However, since this was before the war, Japan had not joined the international copyright alliance, so there is no DVD version of this film.
Opera version of "Journey to the West"
Later, several movies related to "Journey to the West" were filmed one after another, but due to its age, it is estimated that not many Chinese people have seen it.
movie poster
The real complaints about the Japanese version of Journey to the West began with the world’s first TV series version of Journey to the West.
The 1970s was a historical moment when China and Japan established diplomatic relations. 1978 was the year when China and Japan concluded a treaty of peace and friendship. To commemorate the restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries, Japan spent heavily on filming its first TV series with the theme of "Journey to the West".
This TV series received assistance from the Central Broadcasting Administration (now the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television) at the time, and the words "Central Broadcasting Administration, People's Republic of China" also appeared in the drama.
The total investment in the film was 1 billion yen at the time, which is equivalent to 34 billion yen today. Even today it is considered a large-scale production. The visual effects were produced by the director of the Ultraman series, so it may seem a bit nostalgic for Ultraman.
However, the 1978 version of Japan's "Journey to the West" was discontinued after only three episodes on CCTV. The reason is that it is too far from the original work of "Journey to the West", which has met with unanimous opposition from Chinese officials and people. Because of this, China was determined to make a masterpiece of "Journey to the West" that was truly its own, which led to the birth of the 86 version of Journey to the West. There is a comparison between the 86 version of China's Journey to the West and the 78 version of Japan's Journey to the West. There are fascinating similarities in the shooting style:
The left is the 86 CCTV version, the right is the 78 Japan
But no matter what, the 1978 version of Westward Journey is to the Japanese people what the 86 version of CCTV's Westward Journey is to the Chinese people. It is one of the indelible classics in everyone's heart.
In 1993, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the launch of Nippon Television, "Journey to the West" was filmed again and received a ratings of 26.9%. Due to the success of the 1993 version, "New Journey to the West" was filmed in 1994; of course, it was still due to Japan The public liked Journey to the West so much that in 2006, Japan's Fuji TV remade "Journey to the West" again, and the ratings for the first season were 29%.
It is worth mentioning that because the image of the female Tang Monk in the 1978 version was so successful in Japan, almost all the images of Tang Monk in the Japanese version of Journey to the West were female.
Tang Monk in various versions, pic @ ben
The reason is that the ukiyo-e and drama "Journey to the West" gave Japanese people the impression that Tang Monk was a handsome young man with a gentle and elegant personality, which was very different from the masculine and martial arts admired by Japanese men. The director believed that male actors could not express that kind of weak and handsome image, so he decided to cast the lady-type actress Natsume Masako in the role. Rather than saying that the Japanese version of Tang Seng is a woman, it is better to say that the Japanese version of Tang Seng is played by a woman, which may be the same as our "Xu Xian".
Some discussions about adaptation
Since we have entered the Internet age, the Japanese version of Journey to the West in 2006 has caused the greatest repercussions in our country. Major websites have opened pages to discuss whether the Japanese version of Journey to the West is ruining the classic.
When a Sohu reporter interviewed a six-year-old boy about the 2006 version of Japan's Journey to the West, he said:
“You can’t make such a spoof of a character like Sun Wukong who has such a strong Chinese idol temperament.
China's Monkey King is unique in the world and cannot be played by just putting some monkey hair on it. "
For example, in some adaptations of "Journey to the West", Sun Wukong's loyalty to love is exaggerated beyond his belief in seeking Buddhist scriptures from the West, so this film will no longer be "Journey to the West". "
Let’s refine the two main points of this passage:
① Sun Wukong has an idol temperament in the minds of six-year-old children;
② Xingye's "Journey to the West" over-exaggerates love and is not "Journey to the West" at all. (This is what I have figured out, and I will refine it below)
Any adaptation of "Journey to the West" that does not meet the expectations of six-year-olds is not "Journey to the West".
Let's not talk about one's position in judging the "Hundred Hamlets" in other people's minds. Let's first talk about the "Journey to the West" starring a six-year-old boy and becoming the "classic standard" in the minds of generations. "Notes" adaptation situation.
The college entrance examination had just been resumed in 1977, the theory of reform and opening up was proposed in 1978, and the filming of "Journey to the West" started in 1982. Once the timeline is drawn out, there is no need to mention the country's development situation and the people's mental state at that time.
At such a time when everything is waiting for something to be done, the mission carried by "Journey to the West" does not allow the content of the original work to be expressed without modification. Therefore, from the image and character of the Monkey King to the fighting spirit conveyed by the entire work of not fearing hardships and eventually achieving great things… everything is the result of beautification. In the minds of six-year-olds, the idol-like Sun Wukong is just the product of giving "Journey to the West" a specific ideology.
Sun Wukong in the original work is first of all a monkey; secondly, he is a demon. When he was a monster, he acted like an ordinary monster without any moral restraint (slaughtered thousands of people in Huaguo Mountain). Even after becoming a monk, he still retained this habit (instructing his junior brothers to kill children).
The appearance is: "A crooked face, two yellow eyes, one smacking the forehead; fangs growing outward, like a crab, with flesh inside and bones outside." "A crippled face, with a separate chin and cheeks , a tuberculosis ghost with a thunderous mouth and red eyes."
The image of Sun Wukong in "Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons"
The Sun Wukong in the original work is neither a revolutionary, an anti-system hero, nor a liberal. It’s just that the 86 version was adapted according to the current era background, which gave Sun Wukong a spirit of resistance. The 86 version of Journey to the West fulfilled the special mission entrusted by the historical era and perfectly presented a number of classic artistic images that the people at that time longed for. But it is undeniable that there is still a big gap between it and the original work in terms of content and depth.
So, is the Journey to the West I watched when I was a kid the original? I'm afraid not. Is the six-year-old Sun Wukong the real Sun Wukong? Probably not. Osamu Tezuka specially named it "My Son Goku" when he created the comic. Yes, everyone will have their own Sun Wukong.
Let’s go back to the question of “Is Japan’s adaptation of “Journey to the West” destroying the classic?
I wonder if it is influenced by the preconception that "comics should be wild and unrestrained", but so many comic adaptations (including settings such as Goku falling in love and having children, touching girls' breasts, etc.) not only have not been criticized for disrespecting the classics, but have become very popular. (There should be quite a few Chinese comic fans).
However, a closer look at the Japanese film and television drama versions of "Journey to the West" that have been criticized by Chinese people will reveal that no matter judged from many dimensions such as the investment of funds, the status of the director and screenwriter, the professionalism of the behind-the-scenes staff, the dedication of the actors, etc., these adaptations are incomparable One is that it is serious and well-received (the ratings and reviews in Japan are very high).
Takuya Kimura guest-starred in The King of Wings. Other starring actors include: the well-known singer Masako Natsume, the first-generation idol Masahiro Motoki, the beautiful girl Rie Miyazawa, the famous Atsushi Ito, Shingo Katori of SMAP, and the powerful actress Eri Fukatsu… If it is to spoof our country's national culture, the crew of Japan's Journey to the West should be the least vengeful team I have ever seen.
From this perspective, the Japanese adaptation of "Journey to the West" was a great success locally; from the perspective of cultural export, "Journey to the West" was also successful.
The beautified Journey to the West in the 1986 version helped China go through an unforgettable period;
More than ten years later, Xingye’s deconstruction series allows us to see our own shadow in the monkey that “looks like a dog”;
More than twenty years later, the melancholy, melancholy, and returning Great Sage became the inspiration for a new generation of children to journey to the West…
The changes of the times have caused our understanding of the works to constantly change, not to mention the degree of misunderstanding caused by regional differences. Japan has localized "Journey to the West" and integrated it into daily life and many works. Let us not be immersed in the "greatest" self-shackles of respecting the original author. Perhaps the more culturally open a country is, the less narrow-minded it is to have a "defense of barbarians and Xia" towards culture.
After all, it is impossible for any film and television work to completely restore the original work. Directors and screenwriters can recreate it according to their own intentions, adapt it skillfully, shoot with care, gain recognition, and expand the influence of the IP… Why not?
Shan Changjun deeply agrees with what Gu Baoxin, the cartoonist who created the dark series "Journey to the West" said, so I will end this article with this:
"The reason why an artistic image remains fresh in people's minds is that different people always have different interpretations of it. This ambiguity enriches people's understanding of the same artistic image from all aspects, allowing us to This leads to the joy of understanding. And many times, in addition to fun, we can also use such strong and different collisions to open up our closed hearts and gain a new perspective on the world."
Gu Baoxin's comic works
So, see you in the next issue of Literature~
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