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[Middle East Politics] Oil, Islam And Women | Political Scholar Issue 489

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introduction

[Author] Michael Ross (L. Ross) is a professor of political science at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and is affiliated with the school’s Institute of Environment and Sustainability. His main research directions are political and economic issues in resource-rich countries, as well as issues such as energy politics, civil war, democracy and gender rights.

[Compiler] Xu Wenting (Compiler of National Political Science Scholar, Master's Student of University of Chicago)

【Proofreading】Wang Zechen

【Audit】Li Yuting

【Typesetting】Huang Tingting

【Art Editor】Nie Hanlin

[Source] Ross, L. "Oil, Islam, and women." (2008): 107-123.

Journal introduction

The American Journal of Political Science (of , AJPS) is a comprehensive journal in the field of political science founded in 1957. It is also the official journal of the Midwest Political Science Association (The , MPSA). According to the data, its impact factor in 2019 was 4.271, ranking second among 176 political science journals.

Oil, Islam and Women

Oil, Islam, and Women

L. Ross

Summary

The Middle East has made less progress towards gender equality for women than any other region. Many observers claim this is due to the region's Islamic traditions. This article believes that this is due to oil issues rather than Islam. Oil production also explains why women are lagging behind in many other countries. Oil production reduces the number of women in the workforce and thus their political influence, resulting in oil-producing countries with unusually patriarchal norms, laws, and political systems. This article supports this argument with global data on oil production, women's work patterns and women's political representation, and by comparing oil-rich Algeria with oil-poor Morocco and Tunisia. This argument has implications for the study of the Middle East, Islamic culture, and the “resource curse.”

introduction

Women in the Middle East are less likely to work outside the home and less likely to hold government positions than in other regions. Most observers blame this anomaly on the region's Islamic traditions, with some even claiming that the unfair treatment of Muslim women is part of the cause of the "clash of civilizations" between Islam and the West. But this article argues that the underrepresentation of women in the workforce and government in the Middle East is due to oil issues rather than Islam. Oil and mineral production may also explain the unusually low status of women in many other countries outside the Middle East, such as Azerbaijan, Botswana, Chile, Nigeria and Russia.

Oil production affects gender relations by reducing the presence of women in the workforce. Women's withdrawal from the non-agricultural labor force will increase fertility, reduce women's education, and lower their status in the family; in the field of political life, when women work outside the home less often, they will also be less involved in exchanging information and overcoming collective problems. Action issues, political mobilization, lobbying for expanded rights, and serving in government. This has resulted in an unusually patriarchal culture and political system in oil-producing countries.

This perspective challenges the common belief that “development promotes gender equality” in economic development. This article argues that different kinds of economic development will have different effects on gender relations, depending on whether such economic development encourages women to enter the labor market. The perspective also sheds new light on understanding the “resource curse”: oil and mining production not only affects a country’s government and economy, but also its core social fabric. In addition, this article also has important policy and practical significance.

Article introduction

01

The consequences of women joining the workforce

Social theorists proposed that women could achieve social and political emancipation by working outside the home. First, the female workforce can help increase female school enrollment and literacy rates. When families realize that women can bring income, they will be willing to invest more in health and education. Second, women's entry into the workforce also affected gender relations more broadly, as women working in factories in particular would allow them to connect with each other, share information, and reduce barriers to collective action. Finally, women's participation in the labor force will increase women's political influence for many reasons. For example, working women are more likely to participate in conversations that promote certain political interests, join informal networks that facilitate collective action, and help them improve their civic skills. . Their political motivations will be fueled by being more vulnerable to gender discrimination. Research on women's political participation in developing countries is consistent with these findings.

Research shows that joining the labor force can enhance women's political influence through at least three channels: at the individual level, by affecting women's political views and identities; and at the societal level, by increasing the density of women in the workforce and thus increasing their ability to form significant political networks. Possibility; to increase their economic importance at the economic level and thereby force governments to take their interests into account.

02

Reasons for women’s participation in the workforce

Most women face particular barriers to entering the labor market. Occupational segregation ( ) between men and women tends to reduce the number of jobs open to women and their wages. In theory, women can enter the labor market by persuading governments to adopt anti-discrimination policies, but in practice, when women are excluded from the labor market, they often have only weak political influence, making governments unwilling to act on their behalf.

How do women join the workforce in large numbers despite occupational gender segregation and weak political influence? Since the early days of the Industrial Revolution, the answer to this question has usually come from low-wage, export-oriented industries. These industries do not require physically strong workers or strong vocational skills. At the same time, representatives of these industries, such as textile industry and clothing manufacturing, are regarded as traditional women's jobs, making it possible for women to become a large number of the labor force in these industries. . At the same time, factories mainly engaged in export business are also more inclined to hire women. Research shows that even within the same industry, export-oriented factories tend to hire women at higher wages than factories that focus on the domestic market. This may be due to the fact that export-oriented factories, which are oriented to international markets, can expand more easily and can therefore hire more women without displacing male workers. At the same time, export-oriented factories are more likely to be owned or managed by foreign-owned enterprises, which are less likely to engage in occupational gender discrimination against women for legal or cultural reasons. In addition, export-oriented factories compete in the global market and the need to minimize costs leads them to seek the cheapest labor. Women's wages are generally lower than men's, which also makes export-oriented factories more inclined to hire women.

03

The impact of female participation in the labor force: the case of South Korea

This paragraph introduces the case of South Korea to illustrate the social and political implications of female participation in the labor force. The industrialization of South Korea in the 1960s led to women beginning to work in export factories. Their wages, which are less than half that of men, make them favored employees by employers, which has also contributed to South Korea's economic boom. At the same time, since the 1970s, women working in the export industry have also begun to mobilize more for labor rights and gender equality. In 1987, female activists in South Korea took advantage of South Korea's democratization process to establish the Korean Women's Association Union (KWAU). In the mid-1990s, women's organizations began to promote and seek more representation of women at all levels of government. rights, and achieved fruitful results such as an increase in the number of female legislators and judges. The lobbying power of the women's movement and the increase in the number of women in the government have also caused changes in South Korea's social and political ecology. The government has successively introduced guarantees such as the Gender Equal Employment Act, the Mother and Child Welfare Act, and the Korean Women's Development Basic Act. Women's Rights Act. Export-oriented manufacturing helped Korean women gain a foothold in government by attracting women into the workforce and opened the door to reforming the patriarchal system.

04

How oil production affects women's participation in the workforce

Countries that have newly discovered oil are prone to an economic phenomenon known as "Dutch Disease", characterized by an increase in the real exchange rate and an economic shift from the "traded sector" (agriculture and manufacturing) to the "non-traded sector" (Dutch). construction and services). If we extend the Dutch disease model, we can see how the boom in oil production pushed women out of the labor force in most low-income countries.

In the traditional "Dutch disease" model, the development of oil production will crowd out the production of other traded goods through two mechanisms. First, the influx of foreign currency will raise the real exchange rate, making it cheaper to buy foreign imports than to buy them from domestic producers. Secondly, the new wealth will increase the demand for non-tradable goods, which will lead the labor force from the tradable sector to the non-tradable sector, thereby forming a gap in prices and profits between the two sides, leading to the decline of the tradable sector and the expansion of the non-tradable sector. In the traditional female labor supply model, there are two key factors that affect the number of women in the labor market: One is the general wage of women. When it rises, women are more inclined to enter the market and replace leisure with work. The second is "female non-labor income" ( ), which refers to the income received by a woman's family, but she does not directly earn this income. When household income increases, women are less inclined to enter the labor market to earn another income. When the family income increases, its "reservation wage" (the wage that a woman considers worthy of entering the labor market) will also increase. At this time, only a job with a decent salary will attract her to enter the labor market; and when the family income decreases, women's "reservation wage" will also increase. The "reservation wage" will also be lower, making a woman more inclined to join the labor force even if she is generally paid less.

The traditional "Dutch disease" model has an ambiguous impact on female labor force participation, which would increase prevailing wage levels, making women more motivated to enter the labor market. But at the same time, the increase in general wages has also increased family income levels, which in turn makes women less willing to enter the labor market. When we expand the "Dutch disease" model and consider the factor of occupational gender segregation, we will find that in many developing countries, most women work in the trade sector. This is because many types of work in the non-trade sector require heavy manual labor or Contact with men outside the family. When we assume that there is gender segregation in the labor market, the boom in the oil industry will cause differences in the wages of men and women. In our model, we assume that men only work in non-traded industries and women only in traded industries. As a result of this assumption, the expansion of non-tradable industries brought about by oil will increase the demand for male labor and raise their wages, while the concomitant shrinkage of tradable industries will reduce the demand for female labor and lower their wages. At the same time, the oil boom will also increase women's non-labor income through increases in men's wages and government transfer payments, thus increasing their reservation wages and making them less willing to enter the labor market.

Next, this article relaxes some of the key assumptions of the model and further explores the changes in the female labor force under the oil boom. The model assumes a country has an open economy, but sometimes the governments of oil-producing countries use tariffs and subsidies to protect their tradable sectors. This article believes that this will not affect the conclusions drawn above. First, governments of oil-producing countries tend to protect domestic heavy industry rather than light industry. Second, even if the government protects light industry, once the domestic trade sector obtains government protection, it loses the incentive to compete with imported products and therefore has no incentive to find cheap labor and hire female workers. The model in this article also assumes that the number of working-age men and women in a country is fixed, but many small oil-producing countries import male and female workers from abroad. If the government can introduce male workers from abroad, the wages of domestic male workers will not increase, but the government will still receive a large amount of oil revenue, increase transfer payments, and calmly increase women's non-labor income, which will also make women less willing to enter the labor market. . If the government can bring in female workers from abroad, then the general wage of women will drop to a level lower than the reservation wage for domestic women, which will also hinder domestic women from joining the labor force. Moreover, the addition of male and female migrant workers will expand the size of the domestic labor force. Even if the number of domestic male and female workers does not change, the proportion of the domestic female labor force will also decrease.

If we relax our assumptions about gender occupational segregation and allow men to work in the trade sector, the conclusion remains the same. After the tradable sector shrinks, both male and female workers will lose their jobs, but male workers can enter the non-tradable sector, but women cannot. Therefore, women’s wages will still fall, women’s non-labor income will still increase, and more women will withdraw from the labor market. If women can also enter the non-trading sector, the conclusion will change. At this time, the impact of the development of the oil industry on the proportion of female labor force will become blurred, depending on the degree of increase in women's wages and the increase in women's non-labor income. difference. When women's wages are high enough to exceed the female reservation wage level, there will also be a net increase in the number of women in the labor force. This suggests that oil does not necessarily hurt women's status in countries where women have free access to non-traded industries.

To sum up, the first main assumption of this article’s model is:

H1: An increase in oil production will reduce the number of women participating in the labor force.

As mentioned earlier, women’s political influence is to a certain extent a function of female labor force participation: when the proportion of female citizens participating in the labor force increases, women’s political influence will also increase. Based on this, we can further deduce the second main hypothesis:

H2: Increases in oil production will reduce women’s political influence.

The graphic below shows how oil production has political consequences for women:

Figure 1 How oil production may reduce women’s political influence

05

Data and methods

In order to test the above two hypotheses, this article uses data on oil production and employment rates in all countries from 1960 to 2002, as well as data on female political representation in 2002, to test whether there is a relationship between three core variables: oil, female work patterns and female political representation. Specific statistics related. This paper uses two estimation methods. One is a first-difference model including country fixed effects, using mixed time series cross-sectional data for all countries from 1960 to 2002; the other is a cross-country model with between-group estimators. Includes data for all countries for the last ten years. Fixed-effects first-difference models analyze changes within a country over time, while cross-country models analyze changes between countries.

The structure of the country fixed effects first-difference model is as follows:

The cross-country model structure using the between-groups estimator is as follows:

where i represents the country, t represents the year, and x represents a series of explanatory variables.

The independent variable of this model is oil revenue per capita (Oil Rents Per), which refers to a country’s annual total oil and gas revenue divided by its mid-year total population. This model has two dependent variables. One is female labor force participation (Labor Force), which is based on national survey and census data collected by the International Labor Organization and released by the World Bank. The use of the first-difference model and the removal of agricultural sector labor and migrant workers from the data set solve the problem of inconsistent labor definitions and statistical methods faced by this data. The second is the political influence of women. This article uses two variables to measure it, namely female seats (Seats, which measures the proportion of seats held by women in the country's parliament) and female ministers (, which measures the proportion of women in the country's ministerial officials). ). This model also includes some control variables, such as income (), whether it is a Middle Eastern country (East), the proportion of Muslims in the country's population (Islam), whether it is a communist country (), the proportion of the working-age population (Age), and about the political system Variables: whether it is a proportional representation system ( ), whether it uses a closed list ( List) and political system ( ).

This paper uses three methods to test model robustness: First, to determine whether the estimates are sensitive to influential observations, the authors re-estimate after removing the two most influential countries from the data set. Second, to test whether the cross-country regression results on female labor force participation are limited to the period covered (1993 to 2002), the authors examine the decades 1960 to 1969, 1970 to 1979, and 1980 to 1989. The same model was used in . Finally, to test whether the cross-country model is biased by excluding important regional effects, the authors add a set of regional dummy variables to the model.

06

result

Table 1 Mixed time series cross-national regression (including first difference and fixed effects)

Table 2 Cross-national regression of female labor force

1. Female labor force participation

Oil revenues have a strong negative impact on female labor force participation. In first-difference regression estimates (Table 1), an increase in oil income in a given year is consistently associated with a decrease in female labor force participation in the next year. In the cross-country estimates (Table 2), oil income is also negatively associated with female labor force participation. Variables such as income, Middle East, working age and communism are also related to female labor force participation in the expected direction. The variable Islam is not significant (columns 2 and 4). The estimation results of both models passed the robust test and were consistent with hypothesis H1.

2. Female Representation

Table 3 shows the proportion of women holding parliamentary seats in different types of countries. The table shows that women have better political representation in oil-scarce countries in five of seven categories: high- and low-income, Middle Eastern, Islamic and overall. In the remaining two categories (non-Middle Eastern and non-Islamic), female representation is stronger in oil-rich countries than in oil-poor countries, but this is only true when we include both developed and developing countries in the sample. Once we restrict the sample to developing countries, we again see that women are less represented in oil-rich countries than in oil-poor countries, even among non-Middle Eastern and non-Muslim countries.

Table 3 Number of parliamentary seats won by women in 2002

In cross-country regressions, oil income is negatively related to all three measures of women's political representation. The first column of Table 4 shows that income is associated with higher levels of female representation, while Middle East is associated with lower levels. In column 2, Islam is also associated with fewer seats for women, although it is only significant at 0.10. Column 3 shows that oil income is strongly associated with lower levels of female representation and that including it reduces the coefficient on the Middle East variable by one-third. This also causes the Islamic variable to lose statistical significance at the 0.10 level (column 4). The correlation between oil revenues and female seats is strong: unaffected by the exclusion of the two most influential countries and by regional dummies. The results are also unchanged if women's seats are measured in 1995 (the earliest year available) instead of 2002. Columns 6, 7 and 8 show that the variable “Oil revenue” is robust to the inclusion of control variables for political institutions (polity, proportional representation and closed lists) that may influence women's political representation. The variable measuring the size of the region is not statistically significant, nor is the variable measuring the number of immigrants, which may affect female political representation.

Table 4 Cross-country regression of women’s parliamentary seats

Oil revenue has a similar negative association with female ministers (Table 5). Islam's influence on female ministers is even smaller than its influence on female seats (columns 2 and 4). These results are consistent with hypothesis H2, suggesting that oil production will reduce women's political influence. There is also evidence that female labor force participation helps explain why oil revenues are associated with reduced female representation. Female labor force participation is closely related to female seats, and the addition of female participation leads to a significant decrease in the oil coefficient (Table 3, column 5). Women's labor force participation is not significantly associated with the number of female ministers, although including it renders the oil rents variable insignificant (Table 5, column 5). These results are consistent with the idea that oil production reduces women's political influence by reducing the number of women working outside the home.

Table 5 Cross-country regression of female ministerial positions in 2002

07

Oil and the Middle East

The above regression results show that Islam does not have a statistically significant effect on any of the dependent variables in the model. This means that some measures of women's status in the Middle East can be explained in part by the region's oil wealth rather than its Islamic culture or traditions. This is not true across all dimensions of women's status, however: women's educational attainment (including adult literacy, primary school enrollment and the ratio between male and female school enrollment) is negatively correlated with Islam and does not appear to be affected by oil income Influence. Do the statistical results described above confuse the effects of oil with Arab Islamic culture? The relationship between oil and women's status in the Islamic countries of the Middle East is discussed below.

Figures 3 to 6 are scatter plots showing per capita oil income in each country and four measures of women's status (female labor force participation rate, women's electoral years, proportion of seats held by women in parliament, and proportional gender rights). )The relationship between. Overall, the most oil-rich countries (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman) have the fewest women in the non-agricultural workforce, are reluctant to enfranchise women, have the fewest women in parliament, and score lowest on the gender rights index . Countries with little oil (Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon, Syria and Djibouti) were the first to enfranchise women and tended to have more women in the workplace and in parliament and score higher on gender rights. The outliers in the scatter plot can be explained by labor outflows. Countries such as Yemen, Egypt, and Jordan are oil-starved, but their proportion of women in the labor force is still very low. This is mainly due to the large amount of labor in these countries flowing to the rich Gulf countries. .

Figure 3 Oil revenue and female labor force participation in the Middle East

Figure 4 Oil revenue and women’s suffrage in the Middle East

Figure 5 Oil revenue and women’s parliamentary seats in the Middle East

Figure 6 Oil revenue and gender rights index in the Middle East

07

Case studies: Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia

The results of the regression analysis point to a statistical link between oil production and female labor force and female representation, but it does not explain why. In order to conduct mechanism analysis, this article selects Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia for case analysis. All three countries were French colonies and all gained independence in the late 1950s and early 1960s. These countries soon granted universal suffrage to women after independence, and the majority of the population was Muslim. The main difference between these three countries is the amount of oil wealth. Algeria has been a major oil producer since the 1960s, with Morocco and Tunisia producing relatively little. There are also differences in the level of female political representation across the three countries, with women holding 6.2% of seats in parliament in wealthy Algeria, compared with 10.8% and 22.8% in oil-starved Morocco and Tunisia. Differences in oil wealth between them can explain their differences in the number of women in the labor force and, in turn, their differences in women’s representation.

The article then uses the aforementioned "Dutch disease" model to analyze the industrial development process of these three countries since their independence. Algeria has formed a huge oil sector due to the discovery of rich oil reserves, while Morocco and Tunisia have developed large-scale textile industries. industry. As a result, women in Algeria have not entered the labor market on a large scale, while women in Morocco and Tunisia have joined the labor force in large numbers due to the expansion of the trade sector. This has led to the increase in the political influence and representation of women in Morocco and Tunisia, and the relative strength of Algerian women. Low political influence and representation.

08

in conclusion

The development of oil and gas resources tends to reduce women's status in the workforce and increase the likelihood of women's political influence, which in turn will reinforce patriarchal systems. This mechanism could help explain the unusually low influence of women in mineral-rich countries and regions such as the Middle East. At the same time, this mechanism will also help us understand the Middle East and Islam. Many observers claim that the unusually low status of women in the Middle East is due to the patriarchal culture of Islam, Arab countries, or the Middle East as a whole. Some also believe that gender inequality in the Middle East is a core reason for the region's failure to achieve democratization. . This article shows that these criticisms are not entirely correct and that the patriarchy prevalent in the Middle East has little to do with Islam and everything to do with its oil-based economy. At the same time, this research can also help us better understand the "resource curse": oil resources not only have an impact on war, democracy, and economic development, but also have an impact on gender relations.

Translator's comments

The status of women in the Middle East and Muslim countries has always been a focus of political science and sociology. Early modernization theories mostly attributed the low economic, social and political status of women in the region to the region's religious and cultural traditions, and even suggested that this was a sign that the region had not yet realized modernization. This article refutes this view to a certain extent by analyzing the impact of oil, which is very helpful for us to better study the social environment and political ecology of the Middle East. In addition, this article studies the relationship between oil and women's status by extending the classic "Dutch Disease" model. The extended analysis of this model has high theoretical significance. The research conclusions of this article can be extended to other regions rich in oil and mineral resources in the world, such as Latin America and Eastern Europe. They have good universality and have strong reference significance.

In terms of writing, the first half of this article focuses on how the development of the oil industry affects women's labor force participation and political influence, and conducts a mechanism analysis, proposing the transmission mechanism of the development of the oil industry – the shrinkage of the trading sector – women's withdrawal from the labor force, and in The second half of the article analyzes the results of this mechanism under different assumptions, which is relatively in-depth. However, the author's mechanism analysis is also based on the assumption that there is "occupational gender segregation" between men and women. The "Dutch Disease" model based on occupational gender segregation is the basis of the entire analytical framework of this article. This article proposes that the low occupational and political status of women in oil countries is mostly due to oil rather than the country’s cultural traditions. But is the phenomenon of “occupational gender segregation” still caused by the country’s historical and cultural traditions? Can the two factors of oil and historical and cultural traditions be completely independent? This is still a problem that researchers need to pay attention to and solve.

The views of the article do not represent the views of this platform. The articles reviewed and shared on this platform are for professional learning purposes and are not for any profit. The content mainly presents an introduction to the original text. Please download the original content through the database purchased by each university.

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What Gift To Give Her For Christmas? MP3 Complete Shopping Guide (7)

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What gift to give her for Christmas? MP3 complete shopping guide (7)

December 17, 2004 09:58 IT.COM.CN

Page 7: M610 is the first choice for gentle women

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Function:

The M610 is quite satisfactory. It supports MP3 and WMA file format playback, recording and repeating, and has 14 levels of voice speed adjustment, which greatly improves the machine's schooling capabilities. In addition, M610 has built-in FM function, supports three modes: manual, preset and automatic scanning, and can store 10 radio stations. Supports multi-language text display in Chinese, English, Japanese and Korean. The M-610 is powered by a AAA battery, which can play for about 10 hours.

evaluate:

M-620 has excellent performance in appearance, function and sound quality. I believe that as a Christmas gift for women, it will definitely make them happy for a long time.

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Whether A Woman Will Live A Long Life Can Be Known By Looking At Her “feet”? See If Your Feet Have These 4 Characteristics?

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Generally speaking, women live longer than men because women are protected by estrogen before menopause.

This hormone can not only reduce serum cholesterol levels and delay the process of atherosclerosis, but also regulate water and sodium balance and reduce the risk of hypertension.

However, after menopause, women lose the protection of estrogen, and their blood pressure, blood lipids, and blood sugar tend to rise, which will accelerate the development of atherosclerosis and increase the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Traditional Chinese medicine believes that legs are health monitors. You can know whether a woman will live long by looking at her feet. Come and take a look at your feet. Do you have these four longevity characteristics?

1. Women’s legs often have 4 characteristics that may lead to longevity

1. No numbness in the feet

If the legs remain in a certain posture for a long time, such as crossing the legs, squatting or sitting for a long time, it is normal to cause numbness in the legs. As long as the posture is adjusted in time and the body gradually relaxes, it can generally be relieved within 2-3 minutes.

If after excluding these physiological factors, you still have numbness in your feet frequently, even when you sleep, it is most likely caused by a disease.

Common diseases, such as lumbar spondylosis, lower limb arterial embolism, cerebral atherosclerosis, etc., can be manifested by symptoms of numbness in the feet. Therefore, it is a sign of longevity that women do not often experience leg numbness after menopause.

2. The skin on the legs is rosy

Based on the color of the leg skin, a person's health status can be preliminarily judged. The skin of a normal person's leg will appear pink with a certain luster. It will return to normal in a short time after applying forceful pressure.

The skin of women's legs with poor blood circulation will appear white or cyan. For example, patients with kidney failure or heart failure will have white legs and edema. In patients with arterial embolism, the skin of the legs will turn blue and purple.

3. Walk powerfully

Many female friends are only in their early 60s, and daily walking has become extremely difficult, which is not a good sign. If you have difficulty walking, on the one hand, you should check whether there are brain diseases, knee joint lesions, rheumatic immune diseases, etc., on the other hand, you should also check whether there is atrophy of leg muscles.

After menopause, female friends still walk with strength and speed, indicating that there are no related leg or brain diseases, and there are no obvious signs of leg muscle atrophy. Women of this type have a high probability of longevity.

4. Warm soles of feet

Elderly people's feet are prone to coldness, mostly due to insufficient kidney yang or improper warmth retention. Such people should eat more foods that are warm in nature to improve the body's cold tolerance. If the soles of the feet are hot, it may be due to yin deficiency and internal heat. You should eat more sweet, cool and moist foods such as mung beans, winter melon, and lean meat.

If the temperature of a woman's legs is neither too high nor too low, and she can regulate her body temperature by herself, and her feet are warm when it's cold outside, it means the blood circulation in her legs is very good. Therefore, the temperature of the soles of the feet of a long-lived person should be the same as that of the hands, moderately warm but not cold or hot.

2. What can menopausal women do to improve their health?

1. Keep exercising

There are various types of exercise. Choosing the one that suits you will reap many benefits. During exercise, it can increase the basal metabolic rate, promote calorie consumption, and improve blood circulation.

Many people sit for long periods of time and work in the office for several hours without getting up and moving. The blood flow in the lower limbs is slow and the legs are prone to numbness, which is not good for the health of the feet.

Female friends who have exercise habits are mostly slim and have better skin condition. It is recommended that female friends take 20 to 30 minutes a day to actively participate in exercise.

Promote blood circulation, improve cardiopulmonary function, and enhance the oxygen content of the heart and brain. If you are healthy and do not get sick, your natural longevity will be more favorable to you.

2. Soak your feet correctly

Protect your feet and soak your feet properly. By soaking your feet, you can not only relax your body and improve your sleep quality, but also promote blood circulation in your lower limbs and allow blood to flow normally after soaking your feet.

However, it should be noted that for patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy, since the nerves in their legs are not sensitive to temperature, they must pay attention to the water temperature when soaking their feet to avoid leg burns.

3. Adjust your mentality

A good mentality is also very important for physical health, especially female friends. If you often lose your temper and get sulky, you are prone to breast hyperplasia and other diseases, which is also not good for liver health.

Therefore, in daily life, you should try to be less angry, maintain a positive and optimistic attitude, communicate more, and cultivate more interests and hobbies. When you are in a good mood, your health will naturally come.

4. Regular work and rest

If women want to delay aging and maintain a healthy body, they must insist on getting "beauty sleep". Sleep can be said to be the cheapest way to maintain health, and it is also the process of detoxifying the body.

If you stay up late for a long time, it will cause great damage to the body. It will not only reduce the body's resistance and immunity, increase the risk of disease, but also accelerate aging, making people look older.

Birth, old age, illness and death are human nature, and longevity is also the result of a combination of factors. We cannot judge longevity just by looking at our feet, but we can detect some physical problems through abnormalities in our feet. If you want to maintain good health, the most effective way is to adjust your personal emotions in a timely manner, maintain a regular schedule, and eat healthily.

Why Does The Paint On A 999 Yuan Brand Shoe Peel Off As Soon As It Is Rubbed?

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Recently, Ms. Li from Changchun bought a pair of shoes at the MLB counter in Yatai Fuyuan. When she wiped the shoes recently, she found that the brand logo had fallen off. She originally bought it for a big brand and the price was not cheap. , this situation made Ms. Li very puzzled.

Consumer Ms. Li:

I bought this pair of shoes from Yatai Fuyuan MLB on December 26, 2022. Although it is less than 3 months old, I have never worn them because I have too many shoes at home, and the total wear is only 20. Oh my God, I took these shoes out when I was exercising today. After wearing them, I wiped them with a wet wipe. Unexpectedly, the paint peeled off.

Ms. Li said that she spent 999 yuan to buy the shoes of this brand at the MLB counter on the 5th floor of Yatai Fuyuan because she saw that her friends wore them well. However, her friend's shoes were worn for a long time without any problems. She couldn't understand that the logo on the shoes she had just bought had peeling paint.

Consumer Ms. Li:

I don't know what kind of craftsmanship he used to make this. You can see that the leather has already risen, and it's a big piece of paint. You see, I took this pair again. You see, I gently scratched it with my hand, and now the paint has peeled off. She didn't tell me when I bought it. She said that the paint on her product was peeling off. If she had told me when she bought it, I wouldn't have bought it. Now after negotiation, she can give me a replacement pair. , but if I change a pair and wipe it off at home, the paint will still peel off, so my request now is that you refund it to me.

Ms. Li said that because the paint on the shoe logo was peeling off, which affected the appearance, she made a request for a return and refund, but the merchants rejected the request as it was not a quality issue. In order to learn more about the situation, we then went to the MLB apparel counter located in Chongqing Luyatai Fuyuan.

reporter:

Is this a quality issue?

Manager Jiang of MLB Changchun Yatai Fuyuan Authorized Store of Fengfan Trading Co., Ltd.:

Let’s just say that if there is a quality issue, my product must be a fake and it cannot reach it. If there is a quality issue, because this product, my product has this label, it is the kind that is hot-melted, and it has this label. It will definitely come off the label. If you rub it harder or something like that, I think it will fall off.

The staff said that when they sell shoes, they usually inform customers in advance that there is an off-label situation. However, since the shopping guide responsible for receiving Ms. Li at the time has resigned, this matter cannot be clearly confirmed at present.

reporter:

Has this happened before?

Manager Jiang of MLB Changchun Yatai Fuyuan Authorized Store of Fengfan Trading Co., Ltd.:

This has happened to my family. We always tell customers that if our products are off-standard, it is not a quality problem.

reporter:

This shoe is supposed to be sold. How long will it take for it to be returned and exchanged? Does a situation like hers qualify for a return or exchange?

Manager Jiang of MLB Changchun Yatai Fuyuan Authorized Store of Fengfan Trading Co., Ltd.:

This is what it means when it comes to normal. If my product is off-standard, it is not a quality problem. Normally, it cannot be returned or exchanged. However, if I have this request, or I will refund it to you, if you cannot accept it, are you still afraid of it falling off? You can change clothes. If you don't like the clothes and you don't like them, you can return them.

Later at the scene, the staff presented the quality inspection report and anti-counterfeiting label of the pair of shoes, and we immediately verified the relevant certification materials with MLB headquarters.

MLB brand customer service center staff:

On our side, we have our counter on the 5th floor of the MLB Yatai Fuyuan store at No. 618 Chongqing Road, Nanguan District, Changchun City, Jilin Province. This is our officially authorized sales channel.

Before the reporter left, after a series of negotiations, the staff agreed to Ms. Li’s request for a return and refund, and returned the 999 yuan shoes.

Men Like To Touch Girls, Did You Know That?

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Dear, seeing how hard our editors work, can you take care of the store's business in your free time? Identify the QR code on the business card and enter the store to have a look! If you like it, don’t forget to collect it! You can also share it to your circle of friends, thank you!

Women often complain that men are carefree, especially when they are unable to move in front of beautiful women. In fact, men and women are different, and their sexual and psychological habits are also very different. According to research and analysis, the sexual and psychological habits of young men in my country mainly include the following points:

1. Like to talk dirty

When several young men gather together, especially when several acquaintances chat together, lewd conversations often occur. This cannot simply be regarded as low-level and obscene. This is a common male sexual psychology reflection. There are three main reasons: to kill boredom and use such boring words to relax the tension of daily life; to enhance the harmony and harmony of the chat atmosphere; when there are women nearby, some people deliberately use obscene language in order to catch a glimpse of women and hear such words. reaction when speaking.

Among obscene talkers, people of different ages and experiences have different psychology. Older and more experienced people talk obscenely and often boast about their knowledge, but they enjoy talking about things that should be concealed. This kind of mentality is puzzling to women. The obscene talk of young and inexperienced people is mostly out of a strange vanity. They don't want to be thought of as inexperienced or unsophisticated, so they think they are smart and talk nonsense. In addition, some people are in a tense state of sexual hunger and thirst, and their obscene talk has the effect of relaxing tension and venting their sexual desire.

2. Like to touch women

Men's psychological characteristics determine their sexual and psychological characteristics of liking to touch women. Men are born with a strong "sexual desire to touch the opposite sex." This is in line with a principle in zoology: "Sexual behavior is only possible if the male exerts his initiative." When men and women are in love, the man especially hopes to touch the woman. This is because he hopes to make the intimacy between the two parties concrete. Show it out and hope it will be confirmed internally. Furthermore, due to his physical and psychological factors, he wants to reach the second and third steps through the first step. As a woman in Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard" said; "If you kiss the hand, you will kiss the shoulder, kiss the shoulder."

3. Like to see women naked

Men are susceptible to nudity and striptease. This is because women are "tactile" and men are "visual". The strength of the sexual awareness of men who like to see women naked is determined by the functional relationship between the individual's inherent eroticism and the difficulty of getting close to the object. That is to say, the more hidden parts of a woman's body are, the more irritating they are to men's psychology. This is because his imagination is stimulated, which makes him think of the next scene. At the same time, it makes him imagine that he will reveal the last part personally, and the feeling becomes stronger. Therefore, compared with frivolous women, shy women are more stimulating to men. In fact, not only men like to see naked women, but women also have the potential to like to see naked men, but they are not as strong and active as men.

4. Like to look at women

There is such a phenomenon in life. On the street, two groups of men and women walk from opposite directions. When they pass each other, they all glance at each other. At this time, women's glances are directed towards the same sex, while men's glances are directed towards the opposite sex. A female glance is a subconscious confrontation, competition, and comparison mentality, while a male glance is an unintentional "multiple vision." There is also this phenomenon in life: a man has just said goodbye to his girlfriend affectionately, and when he sees another beautiful woman, he will sincerely admire her. This psychological phenomenon of men is like a butterfly flying from one flower to another. Even if he loves one flower, he still cannot help but turn his attention to another. As a woman, you don’t have to worry too much about this, because men are always “over-minded” about everything.

5. Like to hear about women’s past

Men who are in love may ask about the woman's past directly or pretending to be nonchalant. Why is this so? Because men have a strong desire for exclusivity. A man has such a mentality that when he falls in love with a woman and wants to marry her, he not only hopes to monopolize her from the present to the future, but also hopes that her past will be monopolized by him. Once a woman has a lover, she will care about his present and future, but not much about the past. Men are different. They all subconsciously have the idea that their future partner should understand everything about her.

Women don’t know how many men’s thoughts they have

Only by being familiar with the way men speak and act can you understand them thoroughly and avoid misunderstandings caused by "poor communication."

1. After the quarrel

The man's mind "truces" and everything returns to normal.

A woman's thoughts, but she still couldn't help but think about things, and became more and more angry because he looked like nothing was wrong.

How to coordinate the relationship, you must understand that he is not insensitive or indifferent. Basically, men’s concept is that we might as well “make things right again”! However, it was impossible for him to say these words. Men's anger comes and goes quickly, so they return to normal faster than women after an argument.

Therefore, you might as well tell him that although the quarrel is over, your emotions have not calmed down; in this way, he will understand that you are still more or less angry. Next, ask him to sit with you on the couch for a while, or go for a walk together.

2. After getting up

Men’s thoughts, such as whether there will be a traffic jam on the way to work, whether the data requested by the boss is ready, or whether the meeting with the client can go smoothly, etc.

Women's thoughts, they can chat more before going to work, and even discuss after-get off work programs.

How to coordinate running-in and specific things to start your day! For example, while eating breakfast, watching TV news or listening to the radio – weather conditions, traffic reports can help his brain "warm up." As for the show in the evening, we can discuss it with him via text message after we get into the office.

3. When dating

A man's idea is a leisurely time where he can taste good food and wine, and flirt with his girlfriend.

A woman's idea is a sweet and romantic interaction between two people, plus a constructive dialogue about your intimate relationship.

How to coordinate and work together? A man will not automatically change the chat content from daily conversations to "deep" topics just because there are flowers and candles on the dining table; that is to say, he is unlikely to be dating all day long. Talk to you about his childhood and family, your future, his ambitions, etc. In fact, what can trigger him to talk is usually the topic of your conversation (if he is interested), not the romantic atmosphere. Therefore, only by having a conversation on a platform that both parties agree on, can you hear what you expect to hear.

Qu Ying Is Really Old, Her Complexion Is Sallow Under Heavy Makeup, And Her Figure Is Out Of Shape Under Her Gauze Skirt. 48 Years Old Is Too Real.

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They say that older women can also be beautiful.

Unfortunately, in order to create a young image on stage, celebrities will choose to dress up or appear in heavy makeup. However, after all, time is not forgiving, and some women age very realistically. You can’t hide your skin under heavy makeup, and you can’t hide your body shape under beautiful clothes. For example, 48-year-old Qu Ying looks very real.

In terms of dressing, gauze skirts are a more "fairy" style and are generally more suitable for young women. It also has many styles, including organza, georgette, seersucker, chiffon and so on. Of course, there are also many women who regard gauze skirts as an age-reducing fashion item. However, it has higher requirements for women's temperament. For women with fair skin, wearing it in contrasting colors or in a regular way can have good results.

However, for women after the age of 40, it takes a lot of courage to use gauze skirts as a beauty dress. Because the skin color and figure of women at this age are beginning to show signs of aging, and it is easy to give people the impression of being forced to look beautiful when they wear them. Qu Ying chose tulle and light blue gauze to create a fake two-piece style, which is a very disgusting girly outfit to look beautiful. It's a pity that the figure is obviously out of shape, and the waist and arms are obviously thick. This figure is too real.

In fact, as we age, no matter how beautiful a woman is, the skin on her face will still betray her age. Especially for women with dark skin, it will be more obvious if they choose bright-colored clothes in their outfits. Qu Ying chose a heavy makeup look this time, as well as a simple ponytail style, paired with a pair of common diamond-encrusted earrings to enhance the overall texture. However, it is a pity that the skin color is dull and yellow under heavy makeup, which cannot hide the appearance of age.

We often say that women can be beautiful even as they age. As ordinary women age and their figures begin to lose shape, they will dress in an elegant way to show off their beauty. However, stars are different. In order to maintain a youthful and energetic appearance on stage, they must also be able to attract attention. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand Qu Ying's appearance. It can only be said that 48 years old is too real.

Black has the property of covering up flesh and making people look slimmer, so it is not unreasonable that it has always been regarded as a "life-saving straw" by many middle-aged women. For example, in our common tights, for women with thick legs and thick waists, it is easy to achieve the effect of showing thin legs and waist. At this time, you can choose an all-black outfit to look youthful and energetic. You can also choose contrasting outfit combinations, which can produce a very good fashion effect.

However, for older women, matching black with a suit is not a good choice. Especially for women who are still in the workplace, a black suit may look too serious and boring. If you want to create a young and fashionable white-collar image. Then, occasionally trying low-saturation tones would be a good choice.

However, women like Zhao Yazhi who dare to try various young and energetic costumes are not a very good choice for most women. Wearing clothes that are too young, without the support of a good figure and good looks, will only leave the impression of pretending to be beautiful. What do you think?

Fashion aesthetics is a systematic project and cannot be explained clearly in a few words. If you want to establish a good image of quality and success in your daily life, you can follow me and I will grow with you. I also hope you can leave your valuable opinions in the comment area.

There Are Traps In Online Shopping And Picking Tours. Beware Of The "Beauty Picking Garden"

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investigation

As the weather gets warmer, you can't help but experience the joy of picking when you go out for an outing. Nowadays, online purchasing of picking packages from Beijing Suburban Agricultural Park has become a new theme of “online shopping” for many citizens. However, some picking garden advertising pictures have been "beautified", which makes people think a lot. When they arrive at the scene, they feel as if they have gone to a fake picking garden, and their good mood is ruined.

ΔA rich outing and picking calendar.

Searching for picking gardens in the suburbs of Beijing, the picture information one by one looks really tempting. Fruits, no matter what variety they are, are all plump and brightly colored; vegetables are all green with spreading stems and leaves. Looking at these, imagine: the wind is sunny and the weather is beautiful. When you go to the fields in the suburbs, you can pick heavy fruits with just one hand. The vegetables you pull up are the same as the high-quality dishes in the supermarket.

ΔA genuine picking garden.

Not long ago, Ms. Yang, who lives in Chaoyang District, fell in love with a picking garden online and was fascinated by the photos it posted. In addition, the picking packages were not expensive. On average, the picking price of a pound of strawberries was about the same as the supermarket price. She immediately Place an order to purchase. But when she walked into the picking garden, she found that the fruits in the picking garden were not as good as the pictures.

Picking fruit from the orchard does not live up to the hype.

The owner of the picking garden explained this: He had just received a group of guests and picked all the big fruits, but the small fruits tasted better than the big ones. When Ms. Yang asked for a refund, the boss said, "Vegetables and fruits have a natural growth cycle. Failure to catch the big fruits is a matter of luck. When ordering the price of the picking package, this was taken into consideration and a discount was given in advance." And refused to refund.

ΔSome picking packages do not even indicate the picking type, quantity and other information.

Nowadays, more and more picking gardens are taking advantage of the “Internet +” train, and citizens’ online shopping for picking packages has gradually become the norm. The supervision of personal online shopping and picking packages is also receiving more and more attention. It is imperative for multiple departments to join forces to increase supervision of personal online shopping and Beijing outing service products such as picking and picking.

At present, some areas in the suburbs of Beijing have launched standardized picking and tourism platforms. For example, Changping District has launched picking online shopping platforms such as "Changping Apple Network" to select local picking gardens with integrity and promote them online. When you purchase picking packages online, you can try to choose picking packages on such online shopping platforms.

Photography: Gao Shanshan Some pictures come from the Internet

In 2019, After A Shanghai Woman Was Drunk, She Was Taken Home By Three People And Forcibly Assaulted. The Woman Collapsed And Called The Police.

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Even though many people have repeatedly warned that it is very dangerous for women to get drunk outside, some people always think that this is prejudice. Are girls who go to bars bad? Bars are not only for men, but the occurrence of many cases has shown that there are more dangers lurking in bars than elsewhere. If you are not vigilant, you may become a victim.

In June 2019, Shanghai woman Zhou was so sad that her boyfriend broke up with her, so she went to a bar alone. Originally, Zhou just wanted to relieve his mood, hoping that he could get out of the shadow of a broken relationship as soon as possible. However, three men came over to him after discovering that Zhou was drinking alone to relieve his sorrows. However, they did not have a kind heart. He was ready to appease the young woman's sad mood, but Zhou, who was already a little drunk, was not particularly vigilant about the approach of the three men. The other party also deliberately made him drink, and Zhou became completely drunk. According to the appraisal made after the incident The results showed that Zhou was severely drunk at the time of the incident.

Although she was already drunk and unconscious, Zhou still insisted on returning to her home. The three men told Zhou that she was already very drunk and it would be safer to let them send her home. In response, Zhou did not explicitly refuse and got into the taxi unsteadily.

Zhou was still very familiar with the direction of his home and was not disoriented because of his drunkenness. The three men also followed him into Zhou's home. According to what Zhou said after she regained consciousness, one of the men, Li Moumou, followed her when she entered the bedroom and forcibly took off her clothes. Zhou tried to resist but was eventually violated. At this time, Zhou was more than half drunk and had mixed emotions, feeling ashamed and angry. When he saw Liu, one of the three men, coming to the bedside, Zhou felt very frightened and thought that Liu A certain person also had the idea of ​​taking advantage of others' danger and wanted to do something wrong, so he blurted out that he had called the police.

As soon as Zhou said these words, Li and Liu panicked, quickly put on their clothes, even wearing the wrong clothes, and walked out with another man. Shortly after the three men left, Zhou thought What happened to him, he broke down and called the police.

So are all three men suspected of committing a crime? In this case, three men sent Zhou to his home, but nothing happened during the period. The three men also did not commit any indecent behavior against women. Therefore, this process cannot be considered as a suspected crime. According to Zhou The driver of the taxi that four people including Li and others took said that Zhou was in a state of slurred speech and unable to sit up at that time. When he got out of the car, he was helped out of the car by the man next to him.

After the incident, Li Moumou found Zhou's residence after being guided by Zhou, and therefore believed that Zhou was conscious and voluntary at the time of the incident. This excuse is generally not accepted by the court. According to the provisions of my country's criminal law, crime refers to a crime that violates a woman's will and uses violence, threats, injuries or other means to forcibly violate the victim.

Li Moumou and Liu Moumou obviously did not know much about the relevant laws, and as a result, they stepped into the crime. In addition to using violence, threats, and harm, the victim clearly expressed his refusal or resisted. If the perpetrator forcibly violated the victim, attention should also be paid to other means of the crime. In judicial practice, other means of the crime include means that make the victim unaware of, dare not resist, or unable to resist, such as getting drunk with alcohol or anesthetizing with drugs. Methods of violating women.

In particular, it should be noted that the behavior of "picking up corpses" is likely to land one in jail. Being drunk can indeed easily put the victim in danger. Some men saw a drunk woman in a bar and became interested. Wanting to take advantage of others' danger, but the drunk woman immediately called the police afterwards, the man would most likely be arrested on suspicion of the crime and eventually sentenced.

Generally speaking, in cases, taking into account the weak sexual resistance of drunken women, even if the drunken woman did not show resistance at the time of the incident, because she was in a situation where she did not know how to resist and could not resist, the perpetrator's behavior could still be It is considered to be against a woman's will and constitutes a crime.

In this case, Zhou tried to resist when he was assaulted by Li, but due to drunkenness and the disparity in strength between men and women, Li finally succeeded, and thought that he did not resist on the weekend, but in fact Zhou was not voluntary, and Li A violation of a woman's will is a consummated crime. In addition, Liu entered the bedroom and walked to Zhou's bed with the intention of assaulting Zhou. Subjectively, he had the intention to commit a crime. However, because Zhou claimed to have called the police, several people left in a panic, but Liu was guilty. Attempt means that the criminal has already started to commit the crime but failed to succeed due to reasons beyond the will of the criminal.

After the incident, it was identified that ethanol was detected in Zhou's blood sample, with a content of 2.08 mg/mL, and he was in a state of severe drunkenness. Considering that Zhou Mou, Li Mou, Liu Mou and others were strangers to each other and called the police as soon as possible after the incident, it can be concluded that Li Mou and Liu Mou violated the will of the woman and constituted a crime. In addition, the two defendants The family members actively compensated the victim for his economic losses and obtained Zhou's understanding, and could be given a lighter punishment as appropriate. Liu's attempted crime could be reduced according to law.

According to the "Sentencing Guidance on Common Crimes" revised in 2017 issued by the High People's Court, if the crime is constituted and a woman is a woman, the sentencing starting point can be determined within the range of three to six years in prison. After hearing the case, the court sentenced the defendant Li Moumou to three years and six months in prison and Liu Moumou to one year and six months in prison according to law.

The so-called "corpse picking" generally refers to a boy picking up a drunk girl when she is drunk due to excessive drinking, and then taking the girl away, which should not happen. However, this is actually a criminal act. If he just sends the drunk girl back with good intentions, If there is no further action, it does not constitute a crime. However, if there is an act of taking advantage of others, the other party will be sad because of it, but the man who thought he took advantage of it sent himself to prison because of his actions, and he regrets it. .

[Zhen Zhengping] A Brief History Of The Development Of Beach Volleyball In China And A Detailed Introduction

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*In 1994, my country listed beach volleyball as an official national competition and included it in the National Games.

*At the Eighth National Games in 1997, beach volleyball entered the National Games for the first time.

*In the 13th Asian Games in 1998, Chinese players [Zhen Zhengping] Li Hua/Gu Hongyu won the men's championship.

*The National Tour has been established since 1994, and the National Championship and National Championship have been established since 2000. Over the years, it has insisted on hosting competitions from the International Volleyball Federation and the Asian Volleyball Federation. More than 10 provinces and cities have held international and national beach volleyball competitions.

*In 2000, two pairs of players, Chi Rong/Xiong Zi and Zhang Jingkun/Tian Jia, qualified for the Olympic finals by participating in the qualifying competition and finished 9th and 19th respectively.

*In the first Asian Beach Volleyball Championship held in Guangdong, my country, in 2000, Chinese players won the women's championship and runner-up.

*Since 1998, my country has hosted the FIVB World Women's Beach Volleyball Tour in Dalian and Maoming, Guangdong Province for five consecutive years, which has better publicized the new look of our country since the reform and opening up to the world.

*In the 2001 World Beach Volleyball Championship, Chinese players Chi Rong/Xiong Zi and Tian Jia/Faye Wong finished 5th and 17th respectively. This is the best result achieved by our country's beach volleyball in the world's highest-level individual competition.

*In the beach volleyball competition of the 2001 Friendship Games, Chi Rong/Xiong Zi represented the Chinese team and won 6th place. This is the best result my country's beach volleyball has achieved at a world comprehensive games.

*FIVB annual world rankings:

In 1998, the highest ranking of Chinese player [Zhen Zhengping] was 30th and 32nd among women;

In 1999, the highest rankings of Chinese players were women's 23rd and 40th;

In 2000, the highest rankings of Chinese players were women's 11th and 18th;

In 2001, the highest rankings of Chinese players were women's 11th and 14th;

In 2002, the highest ranking of Chinese players was 11th among women.

A Woman Who Knows How To Dress Up Will Not Look Old!Learn These Types Of Fashionable Winter Clothing Combinations, Which Are Fashionable, Age-reducing And High-end

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Many women in their 50s and 60s have one desire when it comes to dressing up, that is, to make their personal image look younger. In fact, they are good at discovering their own beauty, and highlighting this charm through clothing, which is also a way to make them look younger. The way to always keep your image beautiful. A 60-year-old woman who knows how to dress up will not look old. If she is struggling to pursue clothing but does not have a clear and specific idea, you can try the following sets of elegant and simple outfits, which are both fashionable and high-quality.

Coats come in a variety of lengths, materials, and colors

In fact, a coat is a basic item that will inevitably appear in winter, but at the same time, you cannot focus your attention on a certain fixed style, or only lock in a specific color. In fact, being good at discovering the charm of various coat materials and being good at exploring the beauty of coats of different colors and lengths is also something that many women need to do well.

Like this long coat, its color has a certain degree of pure beauty, but at the same time it does not lack a sense of uniqueness. When worn by a lady in her sixties, she can look very elegant and full of aura. The most critical point is that the design of this type of coat generally implies a real thermal insulation effect. Use in winter will definitely not make women only focus on style and lack warmth.

There are many factors that can be adjusted when choosing a coat, such as the color of the coat and whether it has belt splicing, which can be changed at any time. Take this long coat as an example. If you are an older woman with a wider body and a bloated body, and your body shape lacks the characteristics of being tall and straight when you are around 60 years old, it is best to choose a coat with a belt that runs through the part. design.

Like this light-colored long coat, on the one hand, it implies a gentle and beautiful expression, and on the other hand, it uses a belt to prevent the figure from appearing too thick and highlight the generous temperament.

However, the most classic coat design is naturally black that people will never get tired of wearing. This color will be more tolerant to women's skin color. Even if you are naked, you will not look bad when you wear it.

This lady uses a green inner layer and a black long coat, but the highlight is the necklace she wears around her neck. Women can also skillfully incorporate this matching technique into their personal looks. Whether it is a diamond necklace or a pearl necklace, as long as it can create a partial lighting effect on the look, it is a good accessory.

Of course, if you are a woman who particularly likes short coats, you can naturally use short coats to modify and adjust the proportions of the coat.

This middle-aged mother wears a plaid skirt and a short coat. It can be seen that her combination is very fashionable, and the length of the skirt is not too obvious, reducing the weight of the clothing. , creating a very elegant and trendy state.

You can use a plaid knitted sweater for inner wear

For older ladies who are not very good at choosing styles, the most important way for them to improve their personal clothing is to maintain an online aesthetic. If they don’t know what to wear inside, they can directly use plaid knitted sweaters of various designs.

The existence of plaid can maintain the connection and patchwork between various colors, but it must not create an effect that is too bright or colorful. The collar shape of this plaid sweater is a major feature. Adding a turtleneck inside can make the surface of the garment appear more layered.

Plaid sweaters can maintain a variety of designs. The shape of the plaid and its arrangement and combination can be changed at will, thus presenting a variety of clothing shapes.

If you want to choose an elegant style from among them, this plaid sweater is indispensable. It uses the splicing between two colors, and they are all colors that people can easily control to look good. When put together, they reduce the monotony and show a generous feeling. This kind of sweater is particularly age-reducing. When paired with a scarf and a beret, it has a completely trendy look.

Don’t choose shoes that are too thin

Women in their 50s and 60s who know how to dress up will make themselves look exquisite from head to toe, but they will not only pay attention to the aesthetic composition, but ignore the specific warmth value of clothing. In winter, some thin shoes no longer need to be used and can be replaced with shoes with specific season attributes.

Like a variety of boots, they can be used in place. Short boots are very simple to wear. They are mainly black, brown, and gray. These colors can be combined in various patterns. Combined with long coats and skirts, they are elegant and slim.

Compared with short boots, the thermal insulation effect of long boots will naturally be more outstanding, but its width must be consistent with the width of women's calves.

Combining longer trousers and boots can prevent women's leg lines from being blurred by items that are too long and too wide. The matching coat design does not need to be too long, it can be above the knees, which makes the dress more fashionable.