First grade geography knowledge point: La Niña phenomenon
The global climate background this year is La Niña. We are familiar with El Niño, but we are still unfamiliar with its sister La Niña.
1. How the low temperatures in the South Pacific spread to the world. The movement of ocean currents on the surface of the ocean is mainly controlled by surface winds. The existence of trade winds blows a large amount of warm water from the eastern Pacific (i.e. Peru) to the equatorial western Pacific (i.e. China, Japan). In the equatorial eastern Pacific, the warm water is blown away and is mainly replenished by cold water below the sea surface. The sea surface temperature in the Pacific is significantly lower than that in the western Pacific, causing the airflow to sink in the eastern equatorial Pacific, thereby intensifying the upward movement of the airflow in the western Pacific. This actually weakens the subtropical high in the western Pacific, strengthens the trade winds and westerlies, and further intensifies the easterly equatorial wind. The development of cold water in the Pacific Ocean creates a vicious cycle. Eventually, the impact of La Niña will spread from Peru to the world, especially China.
2. The impact of the strengthening of the rising motion in the Western Pacific on China. The strengthening of the rising motion in the western Pacific has caused the subtropical high pressure belt that had already moved away from mainland China and entered the Pacific Ocean in the winter half to move further away from the mainland, further reducing its resistance to continental cold air masses. Obviously, without the obstruction of the subtropical high, the subtropical high pressure belt The wind belts on both sides of the high altitude are the strong cold westerly wind belt in the north and the trade wind belt in the Indian Ocean in the south, which can drive straight into the continent and sweep across Asia. China is precisely under the control of these two wind belts.
Summary: The reasons for the formation of La Niña are mainly how the low temperature in the South Pacific spreads to the world, the impact of the strengthening of the rising motion in the Western Pacific on China, etc.
Learn geography, the importance of maps
During the learning process of junior high school geography, many students often ask how to learn junior high school geography well and why it is not easy to learn this course well. The actual situation is also the same. There are not many students who really learn junior high school geography well. What are the reasons why students are so confused or even give up on learning junior high school geography? After careful investigation, we will find that in addition to some external factors and the reasons for the subject itself, what is more important is how students can grasp the strategies for learning junior high school geography in a timely manner. Learning strategies refer to learners’ effective learning rules, methods, techniques and control methods in learning activities, which can be developed through teaching. Although learning strategies are generally developed and used by learners themselves, students' learning strategies can be formed and improved through teachers' conscious teaching. Therefore, every geography teacher has the obligation to discuss geography learning strategies and conduct in-depth research on how to promote the formation of students' geography learning strategies in junior high schools, so as to provide help for junior high school students in the process of learning geography and lay a solid foundation for future geography learning in high schools. Foundation.
1. Map learning strategies
Maps are also called the second language of geography. The success or failure of map learning directly affects the entire learning process of geography. Many students who are more successful in geography learning generally use maps, and their knowledge on maps is very rich, so they must learn geography well. First, let’s understand it from the map learning strategy.
1.Grasp map elements
A map often lists a lot of geographical knowledge, because geographical things are inherently comprehensive. How can students grasp the key points and find relevant content from the complicated map information? First of all, you need to understand the map, and mastering the elements on the map is the first priority. The three basic elements of a map are scale, direction, legend and annotation. The scale shows the degree of reduction of the range represented by the map. The grasp of it can be used to compare and process the spatial size of geographical things and the data of geographical things in the future. show advantages. Many students are prone to making mistakes when it comes to the size of scales. As geography teachers, we should teach students cognitive strategies for maps to help students understand and establish the concept of scales as soon as possible. Teachers can make students learn it through repeated training. For example, through training to compare the sizes of different scales, let students remember that the size of the scale refers to the value of the entire numerator and denominator, rather than just looking at the size of the denominator. In addition, let students pass Compare two maps with different scales to remember the characteristics of the scales and integrate the concepts into graphic memory.
The second is direction. Direction is the most difficult to master among the three elements. In its three situations, teachers can use different methods and teach them in a certain order in a simple and easy-to-understand manner. Under normal circumstances, it is automatically considered to be up, north, down, south, left, west, right, east. Teachers can lead students to identify the directions on the map through their own orientation demonstrations, guide students on judgment skills, and enable students to master the judgment strategies in this situation. , and, after understanding the judgment method in this case, the result can be judged in other cases with only slight modifications; in the case of a direction sign, the teacher only needs to tell the students to point the arrow with the direction sign upward, and other judgments The method is the same as the first method; students generally find it difficult to determine the direction when there is a latitude and longitude network. The key to the solution is how to use the longitude and latitude lines to determine the direction. The longitude lines indicate the north-south direction, and the latitude lines indicate the east-west direction. It's easier said than done. The first step is to determine which one represents the longitude and which represents the latitude in the vertical and horizontal latitude and longitude network. The judgment is based on the changing rules of longitude and latitude values, that is, the longitude value ranges from 0 to 180, and E represents east longitude. To the east, the greater the east longitude value, use W to represent west longitude. The further west, the greater the west longitude value; while the latitude value ranges from 0 to 90, use N to represent north latitude. The further north, the greater the north latitude value, use S Indicates southern latitude. The further south, the greater the southern latitude. The second step is to guide students to draw the four directions of the judgment point, that is, the north-south direction must be along the longitude line, and the east-west direction along the latitude line, and then find the four directions according to the law of degree gradient. What is emphasized here is that it is most accurate to use longitude and latitude lines to determine the direction, but often the judgment results are opposite to the first two directions, that is, north and south may be inverted. In addition, when judging the direction, you should first draw the four directions of a point, and then judge other situations, otherwise it is easy to make mistakes.
Next, there are legends and notes. They are used to represent geographical things on the map. They are often obtained through memory. However, many of them are very vivid. Teachers can use the rules of memory in daily teaching to often make students conscious. Repeat them and remember them unconsciously.
2.Establish a sense of space
Just understanding the elements of a map is not enough, because geographical things have their spatial distribution. If we grasp their spatial distribution and their laws, geographical things will become disconnected individuals, which is not conducive to learning geography well. So how to cultivate What about students’ spatial concepts? It must be understood that the formation of space concepts does not happen overnight, but is a long-term task.
First of all, through the understanding of the globe, you must be familiar with the large-scale geographical elements of the seven continents and four oceans on the globe. In daily study, you must gradually understand the hemisphere positions, their longitude and latitude positions, and their relative positions. This is Lay a good foundation for further study.
Second, in uninterrupted learning, teachers can often use some interesting learning methods to guide students to establish spatial concepts. For example, when learning about capitals or mountains and rivers around the world, they can play games, such as designing a travel plan. Arrangement of certain affairs, etc., can improve students' enthusiasm for learning and grasp the spatial distribution of geographical things in a subtle way.
Third, connect some of the things happening today, including politics, economics, etc., and let students put the places where they happened on the map. This not only improves students' understanding of geographical space, but also cultivates students' ability to care about major international and domestic events. Literacy. In this method, teachers can practice it by giving more introductions, or they can assign tasks and let students be moderators, critics, etc., in as many ways as possible. Everything depends on persistence. After a period of training, the results will be remarkable.
3.Pay attention to the teaching of filling in drawings
In addition to memorizing maps, another very important method is to pay attention to map filling and drawing. In the past, many teachers thought it was not important, but in fact, it plays a decisive role in cultivating students' map learning process. In the process of filling and drawing, students unknowingly implemented the orientation and space of geographical things, especially the understanding of the relative positions of some geographical things, which strengthened their understanding. In addition, teachers can motivate students who do well by showing their results after filling in the maps, while teachers who do poorly can provide individual tutoring, which can also help them improve their map learning. Confidence. This not only makes it easier for students to understand their map learning situation in a timely manner, but also helps teachers comprehensively understand students' levels. Different methods can be flexibly implemented during teaching to adapt to the specific situations of different students.
In general, if you learn maps well, you have completed most of the geography study, and future studies will be easier.
2. Learning strategies for regional geography
Most of the study of junior high school geography is in the study of regional geography. Therefore, mastering the strategies for learning regional geography means that there is no difficulty in learning junior high school geography.
1.Implement regional geographical location on topographic maps and administrative maps
If you are learning regional geography, it is not enough to just remember the geographical location through words. It often takes a lot of time because of the numerous place names, which is not only difficult to remember, but also easy to confuse them. If combined with the image memory of a map, it will make regional geography much easier and more memorable. In this method, special attention is paid to forming a spatial distribution in the mind of the relative positions between them, and to linking the relative spatial distribution of different types of geographical things. For example, remember that Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, is located on the Tigris River. The north side of , etc., this memory method not only remembers quickly, but also connects various related geographical things to form a large overall network structure in the mind, and remembers more.
2.Understand global climate patterns
Many students say that the most difficult part of geography is the content of climate, because it is related to the analysis of many factors, including the atmosphere, topography, rivers, oceans, etc., but it still follows certain rules. When learning climate content, you must first understand the distribution of global pressure zones and wind zones, then consider the impact of sea and land distribution, and finally master the distribution of global climate. For learning about global climate distribution patterns, teachers can demonstrate drawings and explanations on the blackboard, and at the same time ask students to follow suit. The training of motor skills can effectively promote students' image memory. After mastering the global climate distribution rules, when analyzing the climate of a certain place, you only need to look at its longitude and latitude, sea and land location, and topography to accurately describe the climate characteristics.
3.Understand the economic differences across continents
The economic status of each country and continent is related to natural conditions, political policies, etc. When analyzing their economic status, you should first understand its surrounding environment and find its own environmental advantages and disadvantages, from its agriculture to industry to technological development, etc. Situation analysis, for developing countries, often considers its demographic factors. In general, the economic development of developed countries is nothing more than that they have certain advantages in natural conditions. As for Japan, although it lacks mineral resources, it is an island country with convenient transportation conditions, plus Domestic policies and other human factors attach great importance to science and technology, and naturally its economy can develop rapidly. When teaching this part of the content, teachers can use comparative methods, such as comparing the location conditions of Japan and the UK. They have many similarities and some differences. Through comparison, students will not only remember deeply, but also remember more. In short, students are required to find some patterns in the learning process, not to study blindly and piecemeal, but to have the ability of comprehensive analysis, which requires teachers to frequently implement it in classroom teaching practice.
4.Understand the culture of various places
Different parts of the world have different human geography knowledge, including ethnic groups, languages, religions and other cultural landscapes. Understanding them will promote future study and the study of other subjects. It is the cornerstone for students to enrich their own knowledge. It is recommended to compare them in pieces when studying. When teaching this part of the map, teachers can add some extracurricular information to help students understand it with vivid examples so that students can easily master it.
In short, learning the geography part of junior high school is not something that can be accomplished overnight. It requires teachers to study patiently. For different parts of knowledge, teachers should use corresponding teaching methods. The most important thing is to let students master the learning strategies of how to learn geography well, so as to Get twice the result with half the effort.
Guidance on learning methods for geography in the second grade of junior high school
1. Make a reasonable plan
2. Science
Scientific preview is to actively explore new things and discover questions on the basis of consolidating the old ones, so as to have a good idea and prepare for a new round of learning. The biggest benefit of preview is to help form a virtuous circle of learning. Preview makes you proactive, and only those who stand in an active offensive position can easily win the battle. It can be seen that as long as you grasp the preview, you will grasp the key to improving performance.
Preview:
(1), read carefully. First, read the textbook roughly to understand the basic gist, and then read it carefully again and again. When reading carefully, you can use colored pens to initially outline the key points, difficult points, and difficult questions in the textbook.
(2) Think carefully. When previewing, you should use existing knowledge, experience and relevant reference materials, think actively, ask more whys, and clarify the internal connections of old knowledge.
(3) Ask for advice humbly. During the pre-makeover process, if some problems are still unresolved despite careful consideration (including investigation), you can discuss them with your classmates. If necessary, ask for advice from, or other people, and try to solve them before class so that they can be solved. Concentrate on thinking about some new questions in class.
(4) Do some exercises appropriately.
(5) Take notes carefully. Writing preview notes is an important part of the preview process, and we must pay attention to it. Specifically, the preview notes mainly include five aspects: first, the key structure or outline and summary of each lesson; second, several closely related main issues covered in each lesson; third, unresolved Difficult questions; the fourth is an excerpt of the relevant content in the checked materials, and the source is indicated; the fifth is the main insights. Of course, these five aspects do not necessarily have to be taken down every time. They must be based on reality and handled flexibly according to the difficulty of the knowledge.
3. Concentrate
For students, the basic task of attending lectures is to learn knowledge, develop and improve under the guidance of teachers. Numerous facts show that most of students' knowledge and knowledge are learned and cultivated in this stage. Therefore, if we want to improve, we must take class seriously and learn how to listen to classes. Learning methods and techniques:
1. Pay attention and listen attentively.
2. Think positively and strive to take the initiative in acquiring knowledge.
3. It is necessary to clarify the teacher's teaching ideas and learn by grasping the characteristics of the subject and the teacher's teaching characteristics.
Only by grasping the different characteristics of each subject and the teaching style of each teacher can we focus on the key points and achieve twice the result with half the effort.
4. Don’t get into trouble, take notes in class, and strive to master what you have learned in class.
Persisting in taking class notes can help us concentrate our thoughts and promptly write down the key points, key points and difficulties of the teacher's lectures, so that they can be easily reviewed and consolidated after class; at the same time, since taking notes in class requires the use of eyes, ears, hands and brain, it can be used Receive comprehensive stimulation from multiple senses, thereby deepening your understanding, mastery and… So, how can we take good class notes?
First, when taking notes, write down the teacher's methods, processes and results for review and homework guidance after class.
Second, the notes should be as complete and concise as possible. The key points, difficulties, and doubtful points must be fully memorized. It is best to use your own words or "keywords" to summarize the teacher's teaching content. This forces you to concentrate, think actively while listening, grasp the key points, and re-summarize, which not only saves time and effort, but also improves the effectiveness of the lecture. In addition, for content that is not fully understood, it is best to briefly write it down and add marks or comments so that it can be solved during review after class.
Third, don’t write your notes too densely. Leave some space for supplementation and correction after class.
4. Learn to keep homework for yourself
5. Review in time
Procedures for timely review: (1) Try to recall. (2) Read textbooks. (3) Organize class notes (4) Read reference books.
6. Calmness is one of the basic links in student learning. It is the inspection and evaluation of learning effects and serves as a feedback.
1. It’s not easy to burn the midnight oil before the exam.
2. Don’t worry about gains and losses when entering the examination room.
3. Read the entire paper before answering the questions.
4. How to arrange the order of solving problems
5. How to manage time in the examination room.
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