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Food Control: Research Progress Of Aptamer Sensor Technology In The Detection Of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria

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Professor Wang Zhouping's team from the School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University published a review paper titled "of in the of" (Research Progress of Aptamer Sensor Technology in the Detection of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria) in Food.

Summary:

In recent years, foodborne pathogenic bacteria have attracted increasing public concern. Therefore, constructing a simple, fast, effective, and low-cost rapid detection method has become an important issue in the field of food safety. Among them, aptasensors are emerging biosensors in the fields of food safety, detection and control. Nucleic acid aptamers (Nucleic acid aptamers) are single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences that specifically bind to proteins or other small molecules through systematic evolution of exponentially enriched ligands (SELEX) and other derivative technologies. Nucleic acid aptamers are widely used in food safety testing due to their wide range of target molecules, high sensitivity, strong specificity, and good stability. This article will review the latest research on aptamers of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, potential applications and optimization methods of aptasensors in foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Finally, we hope that this review can provide new ideas and approaches for the development and application of aptamer sensors for foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

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Fig. 1. of paper.

2.Adapter

Fig. 2. , and of the . (A) of the . (B) . (C) the of the L3 by a , with from Ref (Ma et al., 2022). (D) of the by a 2′- O-RNA base, from Ref (Maio et al., 2017).

4. Combination of aptamers and biosensors

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4.1 Application of aptamers in colorimetric sensors

Fig. 3. The -based . (A) based on label-free AuNPs (a), (b). (B) of for S., with from Ref (Wei et al., 2022). (C) n of the for of S. , from Ref (Yu et al., 2020).

4.2. Application of aptamers in fluorescence sensors

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Fig. 4. The -based . (A) of the S. , with from Ref (Ren et al., 2019). (B) for V. , from Ref (Wu, 2019). (C) for E. , with from Ref (Yao et al., 2021).

4.3. Application of aptamers in electrochemical sensors

Fig. 5. The -based . (A) for of C. , with from Ref (Peng et al., 2019). (B) for B. , from Ref ( et al., 2019). (C) the of E. coli, with from Ref (Hua et al., 2018).

4.6 Zoom in

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Fig. 6. The of the -based , and -based .(A) of V. , from Ref (Wu et al., 2015). (B) of P. , with from Ref (Xie etal., 2022). (C) for the of E. coli, from Ref (Yang et al., 2020).

5. Conclusion Future Prospects and Challenges

Foodborne pathogenic bacteria are an important threat to food safety. In summary, this article reviews the research progress of aptamers in food-borne pathogenic bacteria in recent years, as well as the application of aptamer sensors in the detection of food-borne pathogenic bacteria. These aptamer-based biosensors exhibit good detection sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy by introducing new signal transduction systems and multiple amplification strategies. We can find that colorimetric and fluorescent sensors have similar detection limits. But fluorescent sensors tend to have a larger detection range, while electrochemical sensors have the highest sensitivity and the lowest detection limit. However, during the application process, there are still some challenges that need to be solved in the application of these biosensors.

With the development of SELEX technology, the selection of faster and more accurate nucleic acid aptamers and a series of nucleic acid aptamer optimization methods are also conducive to obtaining more stable, better performance, higher affinity, and lower costs. of nucleic acid aptamers. Currently, in terms of aptamers, obtaining more stable and higher affinity aptamers is the direction of development. To achieve this goal, analyzing the specific binding sites of bacterial aptamers and the specific components of bacterial whole cells has become a key issue. However, due to the complexity of bacteria, there are few studies on the analysis of aptamer-bacterial binding sites and the molecular resolution of bacterial-aptamer binding. In order to solve the above problems, the application of computational prediction tools has become particularly important. In addition to using computers for primary sequence analysis, two-dimensional and three-dimensional structure prediction, how to complete the docking of complex targets such as food-borne pathogenic bacteria and aptamers and conduct corresponding molecular dynamics simulations to more accurately evaluate aptamers The stability of the body-target complex and determining its binding energy are also future considerations. Continuing developments along this direction could enhance the practical significance of aptamers.

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In terms of sensors, aptamer sensors targeting the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria have been a hot research topic in recent years. Optical aptamer sensors can detect changes in color or absorbance by direct observation. The electrochemical aptasensor has high sensitivity. A large number of papers have been published in this field, but most of them are verification of conceptual models and lack the potential for clinical practice. Therefore, it is necessary to improve aptasensor technology and sensor practicality. On the one hand, due to the complex composition of actual samples and the influence of environmental factors, the structure and properties of aptamers will change. Such as protein, lipid carbohydrates, pH and temperature, etc.

Nonspecific binding of aptamers may also lead to false-positive results, a phenomenon known as matrix effect. For example, target substances in milk can easily combine with other proteins to form polymers, thus affecting the detection results. This problem is often solved by diluting the sample before analysis or by protein precipitation. However, both processes are time-consuming. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effects of environmental factors, actual sample compositions of proteins and lipids on aptamer-target binding to guide the application of aptamers in detection systems. On the other hand, detected foodborne pathogens can present false positives due to mutations. Selecting aptamers that target specific components of bacteria can help avoid mutations. For example, bacteria can be identified through targeted screening of aptamers targeting specific proteins or polysaccharide components.

Sensors with high sensitivity are usually achieved by using one or more signal amplification methods. However, different amplification methods also have their limitations. Magnetic enrichment of magnetic species may affect signal intensity, and combination with enzymatic reactions may hinder the sensor's ability to function optimally in real-world and complex samples. The main challenge with nanomaterials is ensuring sensor stability and fabrication reproducibility. The solution to these problems is also the future development direction of fitness sensors.

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Itching And Smelly Private Parts In Summer? Too Embarrassing…

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To be honest, when it comes to summer, there is always one topic that cannot be avoided, that is, hot, hot, hot.

But no matter how many "aunts" girls have, they will still come to visit on time despite the scorching heat (it would be worse if they don't come). Don't forget her while you live a happy life!

As soon as our aunt came to visit, our hard days began.

In the weather of 30 degrees Celsius, when wearing "cotton" pants, drinking hot water, or walking in the sun, you can't tell whether the blood or sweat on your body is blood.

The surrounding air still exudes a hot smell of blood from time to time…

In addition to these, the most worrying thing is the growth of bacteria in the private parts. Think about being soaked in a pool of blood all day long, isn't this the best breeding ground for bacteria?

In fact, the hot summer itself is a season of high incidence of gynecological diseases. Especially if women do not pay attention to the hygiene of their private parts after sweating a lot, it can easily lead to gynecological inflammation.

Causes of itching and odor

1. Fungal vaginitis

Also known as candidiasis, it is the leading cause of vaginitis. Why is it so called? Most women suffer from fungal vaginitis at least once in their lives, and many even unfortunately suffer from it twice or more. Fungal vaginitis mainly manifests as itching and leucorrhea like bean dregs; the itching caused by it sometimes makes people restless, and you can't ignore it even if you don't pay attention to it. Followed by pain in urination and discomfort during sexual intercourse.

2. Bacterial vaginosis

It is caused by the disorder of the number and type of bacteria in the vagina. Harmful bacteria increase and the acidic environment is destroyed, causing changes in vaginal secretions. The leucorrhea of ​​bacterial vaginosis is white, uniform, and accompanied by an obvious odor, mainly fishy, ​​similar to fishy odor, which will worsen after sexual intercourse, while the itching is relatively mild.

3. Trichomonal vaginitis

This is easy to understand, it is caused by trichomonas. Its leucorrhea is relatively thin, like nasal mucus or purulent, and can be foamy, and the secretions will be particularly abundant, and the underwear will be wet.

4. Senile vaginitis

Symptoms include light bloody leucorrhea, purulent, fishy odor, vaginal pain, mild itching, etc. The peak season is from June to October.

5. Hormone fluctuations

If you are in the ovulation period, uterine period, pregnancy period, or have recently taken birth control pills or other hormonal treatments, then under the influence of hormonal fluctuations, your private parts may also experience a certain degree of itching.

6. Other factors

During the menstrual period, the odor is even stronger because it is mixed with the smell of blood, endometrial and sebaceous gland secretions and sweat. If personal hygiene is not in place, bacteria can easily breed and cause itching. Other infectious diseases can also occur. Causes odor and itching.

Abuse Of Antibiotics Exposes Human Ignorance And Selfishness

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In recent days, Nobel Prize winner in medicine Tu Youyou and her team have flooded the screen again. The reason why everyone is concerned this time is because according to relevant media reports, "drug resistance" has emerged in some parts of the world against the artemisinin she discovered and synthesized, the most effective drug against malaria so far. Tu Youyou and her team claim to have made "new breakthroughs" in "research on anti-malarial mechanisms", "causes of drug resistance" and "adjustment of treatment methods", and will propose solutions to the problem of "artemisinin resistance" in the near future Practical treatment options, and new progress has been made in "artemisinin treatment of lupus erythematosus and other indications" and "going global of traditional Chinese medicine scientific research papers".

Artemisinin was once called "the world's only effective malaria treatment drug" by the World Health Organization. Regarding this huge splash and the various controversies behind it, it is not a topic that I care about. Today I want to talk more about "drug resistance". 1. The difficult problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the emergence of "superbugs" The issue Tu Youyo and his team responded to this time is that in parts of the Indochina Peninsula, such as Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Vietnam, they have discovered that when using green bacteria When artemisinin is used to fight malaria, the rate of clearance of Plasmodium parasites that causes malaria decreases. This is a very dangerous signal. What does this mean? This indicates that malaria parasites may be beginning to show resistance to artemisinin, which has always been the most effective against malaria. How does this resistance arise? It is generally said that in the past 40 years, during the actual use of artemisinin, malaria parasites have begun to adapt to artemisinin (existing drug-resistant strains have learned to take advantage of the short half-life of artemisinin to change their lives). cycle or temporarily enter dormancy to avoid sensitive insecticide periods). This condition is also most common with a variety of antibiotic medication issues. Antibiotics are medicines that kill bacteria and reduce infection. Thanks to the invention and development of antibiotics, we humans can live longer than before. But the problem now is that the more antibiotics are used, the more bacteria begin to adapt. Some bacteria are not directly killed by antibiotics at once. As their next generation reproduces, they will evolve more and more powerful. It can withstand all the weapons we use against it. How serious is this situation? To give a simple example, there was news on August 18, 2016. A 70-year-old woman in the United States was diagnosed with systemic inflammatory response syndrome by the hospital due to a thigh fracture and the resulting infection of the thigh bone and buttocks. After being admitted to the hospital, he also developed septic shock and his life was in critical condition. In order to deal with the infection, the attending doctors in the United States used almost all antibiotics on the market, but the old lady's condition did not improve, and she eventually died of multiple organ failure and sepsis. When the hospital sent relevant samples to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for testing, it was discovered that the bacteria the old lady was infected with were not only ineffective against the 14 antibiotics used by doctors at the time, but were resistant to all 26 existing antibiotics in the United States. Sex can almost be said to be helpless. The bacteria she was infected with were called "nightmare bacteria" or "superbugs" because they were "fully drug-resistant" and were almost indifferent to all existing antibiotics.

Screenshot of "Blood Plague" Her unfortunate death situation can easily remind us of the situation faced by mankind before penicillin was invented and put into use. We know that penicillin is one of the greatest inventions in the world, and its discoverer, professor of bacteriology Fleming, is remembered by us and can be said to be the benefactor of all mankind today. But now, we have discovered that penicillin no longer seems to be completely effective. What exactly is going on? That's because some germs have developed resistance to antibiotics. However, we also need to know that bacterial resistance is actually very interesting, and it is not entirely the result of our misuse of drugs and antibiotics. Sometimes, these bacteria are actually in the natural environment and already have the ability to resist these antibiotics before they were invented. What's going on? This is a natural and sporadic state. In 1962, while studying plant samples preserved in the British Museum, a group of scholars discovered that a plant specimen preserved in 1689 actually contained some bacteria that were naturally resistant to penicillin in the soil in which it was preserved. In other words, it turns out that in the natural environment, there are already some bacteria that can naturally resist antibiotics. Of course, this doesn’t mean we don’t need to worry about the overuse of antibiotics. 2. The problem of bacterial resistance has become a global public crisis. How serious is the problem of antibiotic abuse now? There are now some "superbugs" that are incurable. At the beginning of this year, there was news that some super bacteria capable of fighting Penicillium were discovered in some uninhabited places in the Arctic. After identification by bacteriologists, it was discovered that this was a bacteria discovered in India in 2008. How did this super bacteria travel from India to the Arctic? Some scholars believe that it may have been carried away by humans traveling to the Arctic, or by some migratory birds. In any case, super bacteria that can resist antibiotics have even spread to the Arctic. This also shows to a certain extent that this kind of super bacteria can survive or even "survive well" in extreme environments, such as the Arctic. This is not the most exaggerated thing. Some researchers found that in the environment of the International Space Station, five types of drug-resistant bacteria were found in the bathrooms and gyms of the space station. Candida auris is a newly discovered fungus in humans in recent years. After the infection was discovered in Japan in 2009, cases of Candida auris infection began to appear in more than 30 countries and regions around the world. It was only after 2009 that medical experts named this newly discovered fungus. This fungus is very dangerous, it is multi-drug resistant, and the strain is more like a bacterium than a fungus, making it difficult to identify using traditional experimental methods. Of course, some scholars say that there is no need to panic yet, as we have enough antifungal drugs to cure Candida auris infections. However, it is undeniable that the problem of bacterial resistance has become a global public crisis.

Screenshot of "Blood Epidemic" Among the top ten global health threats released by the World Health Organization in January this year, the abuse of antibiotics and other drugs was among them. The United Nations established a special investigation group on antimicrobial resistance (UN Group on). In April this year, it issued a report warning that if no action is taken, by 2050, the number of deaths attributed to antimicrobial resistance will increase by 20% every year. will rise to 10 million people. Antimicrobial resistance now kills 700,000 people every year. One can imagine what a terrifying set of numbers and scale this is. 3. There may also be a large amount of antibiotics in the food you eat every day

To give a simple example, looking at the global breeding and animal husbandry industries, in fact, the most serious abuse of antibiotics is currently in the animal husbandry industry. For example, 80% of the antibiotics sold on the market in the United States actually end up in the bodies of animals such as chickens, pigs, cattle, ducks and sheep. Why are animals fed antibiotics? The reason is simple, because the animals they raise are likely to be infected with various bacteria, so they need to be fed antibiotics to defend themselves. However, many U.S. medical institutions or public health monitoring agencies actually do not know which and how many antibiotics these animals were fed, because these livestock farmers are not responsible for reporting this information. In addition, some large companies that produce and raise chickens, for example, believe that this problem does not exist at all and there is no need to worry. However, many scholars have discovered in their monitoring that chicken breasts that are widely available in American supermarkets contain a type of Salmonella that can resist more than five antibiotics, and its detection levels are still rising sharply. This is precisely because these chickens have been fed too many antibiotics for a long time, so they already carry this antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Why are these issues a problem? You know, when American consumers eat these animals that contain antibiotic-resistant bacteria, there are associated problems for the people who eat them.

News screenshots Moreover, this problem is not just a problem in the United States. There is an international risk assessment organization called the Farm Animal Investment Risk and Return Group (FAIRR), which published a report last year, which talked about meat in Asia. , fish, and dairy suppliers often also have problems with antibiotic abuse. The report also specifically assessed 16 Chinese meat, fish, and dairy companies and found that 15 of these 16 companies had not taken adequate measures to reduce the excessive use of antibiotics, and therefore received the worst high risk rating in the assessment report. Rating. The widespread abuse of antibiotics by humans has brought about the problem of bacterial resistance. Now the food we eat also has this problem, which has caused the problem of bacterial resistance to continue to expand and become more serious.

Screenshot of "Blood Epidemic" In the aforementioned World Health Organization report, it is also clearly stated that by 2050, the country most affected by drug-resistant bacteria will be China. 4. Indifference to the consequences of abuse is a sign of ignorance and selfishness. In fact, if you carefully observe our daily lives, you will find that this prediction is not surprising. In many farms in China, antibiotics are also used and fed in large quantities in order to reduce the mortality rate. In addition, antibiotics are also used extensively during the cultivation of many crops to combat various pests. These meats and crops that will be turned into food will contain various antibiotic residues. Not only will they be eaten by us, they will also pollute the water and land. Because these antibiotic residues will enter water sources and soil through the sewage in our daily life. Now China is facing one of the biggest problems of water pollution, which is antibiotic pollution in rivers. The Chinese Academy of Sciences also conducted a survey a few years ago, and I don’t know if it is still continuing. According to this survey, of the 162,000 tons of antibiotics used in China in 2013, more than 5 tons were discharged into the water and soil environment, so As a result, the concentration of antibiotics in the water in the Pearl River Basin, Haihe River Basin, etc. has become very high. It has seriously threatened our natural ecological environment and the future of Chinese people's lives. In fact, even the soap and toothpaste we use every day may bring us the risk of antibiotic resistance. Why is this? This is because our toothpaste and soap contain a very common chemical called triclosan (triclosan). Triclosan is the active ingredient responsible for many "antibacterial" substances sold in consumer products, which are used to reduce or prevent the growth of bacteria. Therefore, the shampoo, shower gel, facial cleanser, and even many cosmetics and clothing we usually use contain trichlorine. What happens when triclosan is overused? That is, it will also make many bacteria resistant to antibiotics (and triclosan itself has many side effects, such as making our heart or thyroid function hypoactive). Triclosan increases the resistance of bacteria to a wide range of antibiotics, and because triclosan is very stable, its residue level in the human body and the environment is quite high. The sewage produced in daily life once again allows many bacteria in the environment to gradually adapt to antibiotics.

Screenshot of "Blood Plague" The world we live in today, our surrounding environment, and our earth are already an environment seriously polluted by antibiotics and various chemicals. The consequence of this is that humans will be forced to face more sad situations in which they are helpless against diseases and germs. Until now, I still find that in daily life, we still use antibiotics very casually. When going to the hospital to see a doctor, many people still choose quick-acting intravenous drips and hanging bottles; you can still easily buy various antibiotic drugs and medicaments in pharmacies, and many people have no knowledge of the correct way to use antibiotics. To put it simply, the abuse of antibiotics in our daily lives can be divided into two levels. First, doctors may be over-medicating when they prescribe antibiotics indiscriminately; second, the general public, as patients, also have a very inappropriate attitude towards medication. Be responsible. I remember that I talked to you about the issue of vaccines in the first episode of "Eight Points" and also analyzed why everyone should take the vaccine. It is not only a responsible attitude for individuals, but also for society. For example, regarding the widespread use of antibiotics, many people use them incorrectly and express an "indifferent" view, which is a very selfish attitude. I can only describe the excessive use of antibiotics by many producers in the food industry, as well as agriculture and animal husbandry. Perhaps for you, you just want to achieve a desired effect and result in the fastest and most convenient way, so you use antibiotics regardless of the consequences. However, this attitude ultimately leads us down a very dangerous path to destruction.

The Situation Of Bacterial Resistance In My Country Is Serious. Who Has Been Harmed By The Abuse Of Antibiotics?

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The situation of bacterial resistance in my country is serious. Who has been harmed by the abuse of antibiotics?

Proper use will prevent the development of drug resistance

●Abuse of antibiotics is not just overuse, but irregular use to be precise. You must use the antibacterial drugs that should be used, and do not use those that should not be used. The most taboo is "gentle knife"

When Zheng Bo, chief physician of the Anti-infective Department of Peking University First Hospital, was outpatient, several patients came to ask: Are they infected with superbugs? Why can’t I get better after taking several anti-inflammatory drugs such as cefradine and levofloxacin hydrochloride?

Zheng Bo said that in fact, none of these patients were infected with superbugs.

Li Juan, deputy director of the Bacterial Resistance Office of the Institute of Infectious Diseases of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said that the fear of superbugs lies in their drug resistance. Bacterial resistance refers to the ability of strains to survive or grow at higher concentrations of antibiotics. The concentration reached by the antibiotic treatment dose cannot inhibit or kill it, thus leading to ineffective clinical treatment and patients suffering from serious infections. High fever, convulsions, coma and even death may occur. The scary thing about this bacterium is not its lethality to humans, but its resistance to antibiotics. For some types of drug-resistant bacteria, humans are already facing the dilemma of having no cure.

The World Health Organization issued a warning in 2011 that the antibiotic usage rate among hospitalized patients in China was as high as 70%, much higher than the international level of 30%. If the abuse of antibiotics is not curbed, it will not only be a disaster for China, but may also trigger a global disaster.

my country has established the “National Bacterial Resistance Monitoring Network” and “Antimicrobial Drug Application Monitoring Network” in 2005. About 150 hospitals across the country have joined the bacterial resistance monitoring network. Judging from the monitoring results, the situation of bacterial resistance in my country is severe, and the resistance rate of some bacteria is much higher than that in developed countries. In the past 10 years, the problem of Gram-negative drug-resistant bacteria has become increasingly serious. Among them, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the most resistant, making clinical treatment difficult and causing high mortality.

Bacterial resistance results from the misuse of antibiotics. If antibiotics are not overused, will resistance develop? In this regard, Professor Xiao Yonghong, deputy leader of the Antimicrobial Drug Group of the National Expert Committee on Rational Drug Use and deputy director of the State Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases at the First Hospital of Zhejiang University, the answer is yes. He said that if antibiotics are used rationally, resistance will not develop.

Worried about the development of drug resistance, some people regard antibiotics as a scourge and even refuse to use them. A parent resolutely resisted the use of antibiotics. Although the child's bacterial infection was already serious, he still insisted on letting the child "get through it", thus delaying the opportunity for treatment and causing unnecessary harm to the child's body.

Experts say that the best way to use antibiotics is to kill with one blow, and the most taboo is to use a gentle blow. Due to insufficient dosage, bacteria will slowly get used to the antibiotics and become resistant in the long run.

Li Juan said that the meaning of antibiotic abuse is not only excessive use as commonly understood, but also irregular use to be precise. There are strict regulations on antibiotic use indications, dosage, dosage form, frequency, use cycle, etc. Failure to follow these regulations can also lead to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. It is wrong to use more antibiotics, and it is wrong to use less antibiotics. The key to personal use of antibiotics is to use them in a standardized manner, strictly follow the doctor's instructions, and do not change the dosage, frequency, and time of use without authorization to reduce the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria.

"You must use the antibacterial drugs that should be used, and you must not use the ones that should not be used." Zheng Bo emphasized that the use of antibacterial drugs must be under the guidance of professional doctors, rather than trusting the experience of non-professionals.

The spread of bacterial resistance makes it difficult to escape

●If individuals do not abuse antibiotics, they can only avoid the development of drug-resistant bacteria in their own bodies, but they cannot avoid drug-resistant bacteria in the environment. Healthy people may be directly infected with drug-resistant bacteria.Preventing and controlling bacterial resistance requires the joint efforts of the whole society, everyone for one and one for everyone

Aunt Huang is 65 years old and lives in Baoding, Hebei Province. She goes to square dance twice a day, morning and evening. She eats well, sleeps well, is in good health, and almost never gets sick and takes medicine. People like her are unlikely to be affected by bacterial resistance. The first global antimicrobial resistance monitoring report released by the World Health Organization some time ago made her a little unable to sit still.

The report covers antibiotic treatment surveillance data from 114 countries around the world and is the most comprehensive report on bacterial resistance to date. The report points out that antibiotic resistance affects everyone of all ages in all countries, posing a major threat to public health with potentially "devastating" consequences. The world is moving towards a "post-antibiotic era", where common and minor infections that have been curable for decades may once again kill people.

Facing the shock wave of drug-resistant bacteria, can Aunt Huang, who does not abuse antibiotics, stay safe?

"People do not live in a vacuum." Xiao Yonghong said that by not abusing antibiotics, you can avoid the production of drug-resistant bacteria in your body, but you cannot avoid drug-resistant bacteria in the environment. It’s in the animal meat you eat because excessive amounts of antibiotics are used in farmed animals; it’s in the skin of the vegetables you eat because the soil in which it was grown is contaminated; other people you come in contact with may carry drug-resistant bacteria… Drug-resistant bacteria are everywhere.

Zheng Bo said that the prevention and control of drug-resistant bacteria is a bit like vaccination. Although you have been vaccinated yourself, the people around you have not been vaccinated, so there is no immune barrier and no group effect. Drug-resistant bacteria can still spread mutations among the population and eventually infect healthy people. To control drug-resistant bacteria, we must implement group protection. We are responsible for ourselves and everyone. No one can escape it. After the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, healthy people may be directly infected with drug-resistant bacteria. Just like tuberculosis patients, new tuberculosis patients are infected with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis bacteria.

The rational use of antimicrobial drugs has become one of the most important public health issues in the world today. Li Juan emphasized that the way drug-resistant bacteria spread is the same as the way other bacteria spread, and there is nothing special about it. Although super-resistant bacteria are currently concentrated in hospitals, the risk of spreading from hospitals into the community is real.

More than 10 years ago, my country's E. coli (a type of drug-resistant E. coli carrying hyperspectral beta-lactamase) was mainly concentrated in hospitals. According to recent literature, there is currently no significant difference in detection rates between hospitals and communities. Convenient transportation and frequent population movements also facilitate the spread of drug-resistant bacteria. Take the "NDM-1" superbug as an example. It was first discovered in India in 2009 and has rapidly spread to five continents around the world by 2011.

Li Juan said that the spread of drug-resistant bacteria is a public health event and individuals cannot stay out of it. Preventing and controlling the spread of drug-resistant bacteria requires the joint efforts of the whole society. Everyone is for one, and I am for everyone. In particular, relevant departments should monitor drug resistance and formulate prevention and control measures to slow down and block the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. and dissemination.

There is no need to talk about drug-resistant bacteria

●Resistant bacteria do not have special pathogenicity compared with common sensitive bacteria.Normally, a healthy person with normal resistance will not be easily infected

After Zheng Bo sees a patient, he always washes his hands and disinfects them. The patient said that the doctor thought he was dirty and washed his hands after seeing the doctor. He said that this is to care for patients and avoid cross-infection between patients and nosocomial transmission.

Drug-resistant bacteria are generally not spread through the air and are mostly spread through contact. Zheng Bo suggested that it is best to go to hospitals less often, especially large hospitals, to reduce the chance of infection. These are the places where drug-resistant bacteria are most present. Many people do not pay attention to hand hygiene when going to the hospital, touch items in the hospital casually, and do not wash their hands after leaving the hospital. This greatly increases the chance of infection and can easily spread to others.

Among the patients Xiao Yonghong receives, many have already used the highest level of antibiotics. It is used for colds and fever, back pain, and stomach problems. Some people even use it as a preventive medicine for infection, so they take two tablets when nothing happens. He said that it is necessary to break the impression that antibiotics have as a "panacea" in the minds of ordinary people. Antibiotics do nothing to prevent infection, nor do they kill viruses. People should be guided to use drugs rationally and say goodbye to antibiotic dependence.

The key to overusing antibiotics is to keep doctors' hands under control. Our country has issued "the most stringent regulations on the use of antibiotics in history" and continues to carry out special activities to control antimicrobial drugs. In the past three years, the proportion of rational use of antibacterial drugs in hospitals has increased significantly. The prophylactic use rate of antibacterial drugs for surgical wounds has dropped from 80% to 90% in the past to about 30% now. But managing drug-resistant bacteria is a long-term and arduous process.

"For ordinary Chinese people, there is no need to talk about drug-resistant bacteria." Li Juan emphasized that drug-resistant bacteria do not have special pathogenicity compared with ordinary sensitive bacteria. Normally, a healthy person with normal resistance is not easily infected with drug-resistant bacteria. In daily life, you should pay attention to opening windows for ventilation, paying attention to personal hygiene, washing hands frequently, and exercising to improve your resistance, so that you can effectively avoid infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria.

The cost of developing new drugs for the growing bacterial resistance is very high. Zheng Bo suggested that while developing new antibacterial drugs, attention should be paid to the rational use of old drugs. Nitrofurantoin is an effective drug for treating urinary tract infections. It only costs about 4 yuan per 100 tablets. Pharmaceutical companies are unwilling to produce it and companies are unwilling to distribute it. It is difficult to find cheap antibacterial drugs in hospitals. He believes that in the medical reform, it is necessary to increase support for cheap antibacterial drugs, so that these classic and old drugs have reasonable profit margins, and in the process of dealing with drug-resistant bacteria, the classic and old drugs can be used.

Li Juan suggested that the use and management of clinical antibiotics should be strengthened, antibiotics should be used in strict accordance with the indications and treatment specifications for bacterial infections, and the private purchase and use of antibiotics without a prescription should be eliminated. Reduce and standardize the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture. Antibiotics for animals and humans should be different, and those used for humans should not be used on animals. Reduce environmental residues of antibiotics. It is still the case that unscrupulous pharmaceutical companies discharge wastewater containing antibiotics directly into the environment, and environmental protection departments must also do a good job in managing this aspect.

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antibiotic

Antibiotics, also known as "antimicrobials", are used to kill bacteria that cause disease, and therefore have a therapeutic effect on diseases caused by bacteria. Generally speaking, antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections caused by various bacteria or other disease-causing microorganisms. It has no therapeutic effect on diseases caused by viruses. Antibiotics commonly used in medicines include floxacin, mycins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, etc. Specifically include: streptomycin, chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, cefazolin, cefradine, cefoperazone, amoxicillin, metronidazole, sulfamidazole, etc. (Weibian)

(Original title: The situation of bacterial resistance in my country is severe, and the resistance rate of some bacteria is much higher than that in developed countries. Who has been harmed by the abuse of antibiotics (Focus·Concern about the abuse of antibiotics))

How High A Temperature And How Long Does It Take To Kill The Ubiquitous Bacteria?Understand The Principles Of High Temperature Sterilization

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Bacteria, as the most numerous type of all living things, are an important part of the ecosystem. Most bacteria are at the bottom of the food chain and have a humble status. As decomposers, they decompose organic matter contained in animal and plant remains, excrement, etc. Digestion and decomposition into simple inorganic substances. Without them, the material cycle of the ecosystem would be difficult to carry out. You can imagine the scene of dead leaves and corpses strewn on the ground.

The discovery of bacteria

On September 17, 1683, the Dutchman Leeuwenhoek used a single-lens microscope he designed and ground to make. He discovered that there were many moving "little animals" hidden in the tartar of an old man who had never brushed his teeth. ” and magnified them 200 times.

He wrote in an article: "These little guys move with graceful curves almost like small snakes… There are more animals living in the tartar of the human mouth than there are residents in the entire Kingdom of the Netherlands." Levine The small animals in Hook's mouth were microorganisms that later became known as bacteria.

At the same time, he also published the first hand-drawn image of bacteria by himself in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

Leeuwenhoek's sketch of bacteria, in which a, b, and f represent bacteria, c and d represent movement, e represents cocci, and g represents spirobacteria.

It was under the leadership of Leeuwenhoek that human exploration of life truly entered a new era – cell biology and microbiology. However, due to the limitations of the times and scientific understanding, people at that time believed that bacteria were naturally produced. .

This misconception was not changed until the 1860s by French biologist Pasteur. Pasteur conducted the famous gooseneck experiment:

1. Pour the broth into two flasks. The structures of the two flasks are different. One is an ordinary flask with the mouth of the bottle pointing vertically upward; the mouth of the other flask is bent into a retort like a goose's neck. Then Called "gooseneck bottle".

2. Boil the broth in the two bottles to kill the bacteria remaining in the broth. Cool it at room temperature to eliminate the influence and make the experiment more convincing.

3. Do not plug the mouths of the two bottles with stoppers and leave them open in the air.

4. After a few days, the broth in the ordinary flask went rancid, but the broth in the goose-neck bottle did not go rancid, and was still as fresh as ever until 4 years later. Shortly after breaking the long neck of the goose-neck bottle, the bottle The broth inside was spoiled.

Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment showed that the spoilage of broth was caused by bacteria in the air entering the broth, rather than bacteria naturally occurring in the broth.

Since then, bacteria, as a kind of living thing, widely exist in the air and have been accepted by more and more people. Not only that, bacteria widely exist in every corner of the earth. They are found everywhere, deep in the earth's crust, and in volcanoes. The mouth has it… Bacteria exist in places that we can see and cannot see by virtue of their tenacious vitality.

Beneficial and harmful bacteria, how to kill them

As a romantic city, France is also an important producer of sugar wine. It has unique geographical advantages. For a hundred years, it has been famous in the world for producing high-quality sugar wine and sold well all over the world. It has given birth to the world’s top wineries such as Chateau Lafite, Chateau Margaux, Chateau Latour, Chateau Haut-Brion, Chateau Mouton, and Chateau Petrus.

Although red wine is good, because grapes contain more sugar, and unlike white wine, red wine has a low alcohol content and low alcohol content, it is easy for the wine to become sour during the brewing process, and the entire barrel of wine can only be dumped.

Before the 19th century, this situation often occurred, and many French wine merchants lost a lot of money, complained, and even went bankrupt.

As long as this situation does not change, more wine merchants will be affected by the deterioration and sourness of their wines and will engage in loss-making business. Therefore, France at that time was in urgent need of a hero to help meet its urgent needs. As a top microbiologist and chemist in the country and even in the world, Pasteur has just been appointed as professor of chemistry and general director of the newly founded University of Lille. He was entrusted by wine merchants to take on this important task to help wine merchants find out The reason why wine becomes sour is to reduce losses.

Pasteur observed the wine under a microscope. He found that unspoiled old wine contained a spherical yeast cell, while in spoiled and sour wine, there were many lactobacilli. He concluded that they were behind the scenes. "Bad" bacteria multiply in nutrient-rich wine, causing the wine to "sour" and deteriorate.

The source problem was solved, and a new problem posed in front of Pasteur – how to kill harmful bacteria without harming yeast?

Pasteur came up with the simplest method – heating.

He fixed the wine bottle in a basket made of wire, immersed it in water, and then heated the water to different temperatures. After repeated experiments and observations, Pasteur determined whose temperature was at fifty or sixty degrees. At this temperature, the water bath was half Within hours, the Lactobacilli in the wine can be effectively killed, while the biological activity of the yeast remains basically unchanged.

This is the sterilization method that will be called "pasteurization" (also known as high-temperature sterilization) in the future. This method effectively solves the problem of sourness and deterioration of wine during the brewing process of red wine, and protects the wine merchants. The benefits have greatly boosted the French wine industry.

At the same time, the pasteurization method is still used today. Most of the dairy products currently sold on the market are sterilized by this method, and most of the nutrients of the dairy products are retained.

High temperature destroys bacterial cell structure

Cells are the most basic structural and functional units of organisms. It is known that all living things except viruses are composed of cells, but the life activities of viruses must also be reflected in cells. (Whether viruses are living things is still controversial.)

The cells themselves also have unique structural features that can only be seen under a microscope. For bacteria, it is divided into basic structure and special structure. The basic structure is a structure shared by various bacteria, including bacterial cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleoplasm. Special structures are those unique to certain bacteria, such as capsules, flagella, pili, and spores.

Similar to the cell wall of plant cells, the bacterial cell wall maintains cell shape, improves cell mechanical strength, and protects cells from external forces such as mechanical damage and osmotic pressure.

At the same time, the bacterial cell wall has different functions from the plant cell wall, such as determining the bacteria's specific antigenicity, pathogenicity, and sensitivity to antibiotics and phages.

The main components of plant cell walls are cellulose and pectin, while the main components of bacterial cell walls are peptidoglycan.

The permeability of bacterial cell walls will change irreversibly at high temperatures and gradually lose their protective effect on cells. So how high a temperature and how long does it take to completely kill the bacteria?

All kinds of bacteria need to grow within the optimal temperature range. If the ambient temperature is significantly higher than the optimal temperature, the bacteria will be killed, which is called "sterilization"; if the temperature is lower than the optimal temperature, the metabolic activity of the bacteria will be inhibited. It’s called “bacteriostatic.”

When high temperature acts on microorganisms, it will first change the structural characteristics of the bacterial cell wall. Temperature-sensitive substances such as proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, etc. lose the protective effect of the cell wall, denature or coagulate under the action of heat, lose their activity, and cause metabolic disorders. .

As the high temperature continues to act, the protoplasm in the cells will coagulate, the enzyme structure is completely destroyed, the activity disappears, the biochemical reactions stop, the metabolic activities such as osmotic exchange disappear, and the cells die.

Most non-spore bacteria can be killed by heating at 55°C to 60°C for 30 to 60 minutes, and will die immediately at 100°C; spore-forming bacteria such as Clostridium tetani have high heat resistance and need to be boiled for 3 hours. be killed. A spore is a round or oval body formed by certain bacteria under certain environmental conditions. It is the dormant mode of bacteria. It is called an endospore, or spore for short.

Only a few bacteria can form spores, such as Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus tetanus, Bacillus thuringiensis, etc.

In daily life, it is completely possible to create a temperature environment above 60°C and below 100°C, and maintain this temperature environment continuously or for a long time. With this temperature environment and temperature time, it is easy to kill bacteria and inhibit bacterial growth. At present, physical heat source is a commonly used method of sterilization, and heat source sterilization generated by chemical reaction is another method.

Summary: It can be killed by heating at 55℃~60℃ for 30~60 minutes, and it will die almost immediately at 100℃. Therefore, most of the bacteria in life can be easily killed. As long as sufficient heating time is ensured, there is no need to worry about the adverse effects of bacteria in food on the human body.

Urinary Tract Infection In Women Is Very Harmful. These Four Major Factors Are The Culprits. Early Knowledge And Early Prevention

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The 52-year-old Aunt Zhang next door has been particularly troubled by urinary tract infections recently. She sought medical treatment for urgent urination and painful urination half a month ago. The doctor diagnosed her with a urinary tract infection after examination. After taking medicine for a week, her symptoms were completely relieved. .

But in the past two days, Aunt Zhang went out to have dinner with friends and ate some spicy food. She felt uncomfortable again the next day after returning home, and continued to take injections and medicines.

But not long after, the feeling of urgency and pain when urinating appeared again. There are also many young women who often suffer from urinary tract infections, which often occur again and again.

Women often have urinary tract infections, and these 4 factors are the culprits!

1. Special characteristics of the female reproductive system

As we all know, the structure of the female reproductive system is completely different from that of the male, and the female urethra is also very short, generally only about 5 cm. The urethral sphincter is also weak and close to the private parts. This can easily lead to bacterial invasion and cause urinary tract infection.

Moreover, the sweat glands in women's private parts are relatively developed. Sweating after a lot of exercise can easily lead to the proliferation of bacteria, which is also a cause of urinary tract infections.

2. Hold in urine

This is a common bad habit of many women. Holding in urine for a long time causes the urine to stay in the bladder for too long. If a small amount of bacterial invasion worsens, the bacteria will have time to start to multiply, which will also lead to more bacteria. Invasion.

Moreover, when the bladder is always full and the pressure increases, urine will have the opportunity to flow backwards, leading to the possibility of bacteria flowing back to the kidneys and causing nephritis.

3. Hygiene is not done well

Failure to pay attention to menstrual hygiene and sexual hygiene can easily lead to the invasion of germs and is also a cause of urinary tract infection. During this period, if you don't pay attention to hygiene, you may squeeze bacteria into the bladder, causing symptoms of urinary tract infection.

Therefore, you need to pay attention to the hygiene of your private parts at ordinary times. You also need to do a good job of cleaning and hygiene during menstruation and during sexual life to avoid bacterial infection and the possibility of gynecological inflammation.

4. Caused by other diseases

When women suffer from diabetes, high blood pressure, or some chronic diseases, the body's resistance and immunity will be reduced. At this time, they are easily invaded by bacteria and may also cause urinary tract infections.

Or when women suffer from gynecological inflammation, it may also cause bacteria to invade the urethra, causing discomfort in the urinary system.

Urinary tract infection is very harmful, early detection and early prevention

The occurrence of urinary tract infection has a great impact on women's lives, such as frequent urination and urgency, and lower abdominal discomfort.

If the infection worsens, acute pyelonephritis may occur, causing fever and low back pain. Severe urinary tract infection may even lead to septic shock, which can be serious or even life-threatening.

Most women have recurring urinary tract infections, so they need to take preventive measures in advance. Drink more water and urinate more every day, and be sure not to hold back your urine, so that the urine can flush the urinary tract. Allowing small amounts of bacteria to be excreted in the urine.

If you want to completely get rid of urinary tract infections, it is also important to maintain good hygiene in your private parts. This can not only prevent urinary tract infections, but also prevent gynecological inflammation.

Women also need to pay special attention to wiping after going to the toilet to avoid introducing bacteria into the urethra. Most girls are likely to develop urinary tract infections, and early prevention is the key.

9 Out Of 10 Women Have Had Urinary Tract Infections. Pay Attention To These Six Situations.

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Speaking of urinary tract infection, many people should be familiar with it, especially women. According to a survey report by the World Health Organization, the most common disease among adult women is not colds, but urinary tract infections and reproductive tract infections, and the incidence rate in women is 8-10 times that of men! There is even a saying that "9 out of 10 women have urinary tract infections". Although it is a bit exaggerated, it also reflects the high incidence of urinary tract infections in women.

9 out of 10 women have urinary tract infections, why?

1. Special body structure

Urinary tract infections are usually caused by bacteria (mostly from the intestines and vagina). Compared with men, women’s urethra is short, straight and wide, and is close to the anus and vaginal opening. Invasion can only take minutes! Coupled with the special menstrual period, bacteria are more likely to enter the urinary tract and cause infection. If you wear panty liners or sanitary napkins for a long time, or are unable to clean your vulva every day, the risk of infection will be greatly increased.

2. The other half “can’t escape the relationship”

Many women suffer from recurring urinary tract infections, and it can be said that their partner is not entirely to blame. And if men do not pay attention to hygiene and often have sex without taking a shower, during the process of sex, they will push the bacteria they carry and the bacteria around the female vagina and anus to the vicinity of the urethral opening. If they are not cleaned up in time afterwards, it is easy to cause A urinary tract infection occurs.

3. Menstrual period

Menstrual blood during women’s menstrual period is a very good bacterial culture solution. If the sanitary napkin is not breathable or menstrual hygiene is not paid attention to, a large number of bacteria will breed in the urethra, thereby inducing urinary tract infection in women.

4. Not paying attention to hygiene

The temperature and humidity in the female private parts are relatively high, and there are often some secretions present. These are conditions for the growth of bacteria. If you don't pay attention to the hygiene of your private parts, you are prone to vaginitis, which makes you more likely to have a urinary tract infection. However, if you pay too much attention to hygiene and often over-clean and wash your private parts, the natural environment and pH of the vagina will be damaged, which can also easily lead to urinary tract infection.

If these symptoms appear, be alert for urinary tract infection

1. Frequent urination: Normal people usually urinate about 4 times during the day and 0-2 times at night. However, if it exceeds this range and even urinates more than 5 or 6 times per hour, it is called frequent urination. Moreover, the amount of urine each time is not much, sometimes even only a few drops, but there is always a feeling of urination, and there will be pain in the lower abdomen at the end of urination.

2. Urgency to urinate: I frequently feel the urgency to urinate, and it is difficult to endure it. I cannot control myself well and I want to rush to the toilet immediately. This is a classic symptom of a urinary tract infection.

3. Painful urination: If symptoms of painful urination occur during urination, it is a urinary tract infection. The suprapubic area, perineum, or urethra may feel hot during urination, and the pain may be a burning or stinging sensation.

4. Difficulty urinating: People with urinary tract infections will experience frequent urination and urgency. However, after a few times, they will be unable to urinate or have no urine. They obviously feel like urinating very much, but they can't urinate anyway. Not coming out.

5. Fever: Urinary tract infection will also bring about fever, and the body temperature is usually between 38-39 degrees Celsius. This type of fever may be continuous, or it may be intermittent or undiagnosed fever. In addition, you may also have headaches and body aches, which can easily be mistaken for a cold and neglect treatment or wrong medication.

6. Low back pain: Low back pain is also a major symptom of urinary tract infection. Different from ordinary low back pain, low back pain caused by urinary tract infection may be on one side or both sides. The degree of pain is different, and most people will feel it in the waist. Soreness, distension and pain, and a few may experience stomach cramps.

In the unfortunate event of infection, the following treatment principles cannot be ignored:

When the above symptoms such as urgency of urination, frequent urination, painful urination, etc. occur, first do not blindly take antibiotics, but go to a regular hospital for targeted examination and symptomatic treatment. Once a urinary tract infection is confirmed, remember not to abuse antibacterial drugs on your own. You must take antibacterial drugs under the guidance of a doctor. The doctor will empirically select an antibacterial agent with a suitable antibacterial spectrum based on the site of infection, site of onset, previous antibacterial drug use and response to treatment. medicine.

In the acute stage of infection, you can also take some traditional Chinese medicines that have the effects of clearing away heat, promoting diuresis, diuresis and treating stranguria, which will shorten the course of treatment and improve the efficacy. And taking it for a period of time after the acute phase can effectively prevent the "resurgence" of symptoms.

In addition, during treatment, you must drink more water, urinate frequently, and exercise more. Because only by drinking more water can you urinate more, and urination can flush the urinary tract. When urination increases, bacteria will be excreted with the urine, and some bacteria may even be excreted before they have time to multiply. Every patient suffering from urinary tract infection will be advised by the doctor. This is also the most economical and simple method. In addition, avoid sedentary habits and exercise more.

Why Do Women Get Urinary Tract Infections? Generally Related To These 5 Bad Habits!

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Because of the physiological characteristics of women, urinary tract infections are prone to occur. Once a urinary tract infection occurs, the patient will suffer from frequent urination, urgency, pain in urination, pain in the waist and abdomen, and blood streaks in the urine.

Why do women get urinary tract infections? Related to these 5 bad habits!

1. Unclean sex life

If you do not pay attention to hygiene during sex, it will cause serious harm to the body. Failure to pay attention to hygiene will allow bacteria to enter the body and induce cervicitis and vaginitis. If you continue to have uncontrolled sexual life while suffering from gynecological diseases, inflammation will occur repeatedly, prolonging the treatment time and increasing the difficulty of treatment.

2. Failure to pay attention to hygiene during menstrual period

Menstrual blood itself contains a large number of microorganisms and bacteria. If personal hygiene is not done well, such as using unclean sanitary products, having sex, etc., it will lead to the invasion of a large number of bacteria. The bacteria will slowly multiply in the body and induce urination. Road infection.

3. Bad hygiene habits

Women’s anus, vagina and urethra are adjacent, and there are a lot of bacteria in the vagina and anus. Vaginal secretions provide a good living environment for bacteria to grow and reproduce. Once bacteria invade, it will inevitably lead to a large number of bacteria multiplying and eventually induce urethritis. In addition, if you wipe in the wrong direction every time you defecate or urinate, such as wiping from back to front without cleaning the anus and vulva, bacteria will multiply and increase the risk of urinary tract infection.

4. Endocrine changes during pregnancy

During pregnancy, the uterus will slowly increase in size, compressing the ureters and bladder. The endocrine system itself will undergo great changes after pregnancy, slowing down the relaxation and peristalsis of the ureters, slowing down the urine flow, and allowing bacteria to take advantage of the deficiency. enter, causing urinary tract infection.

5. Always holding in urine

Due to work reasons, some people have the bad habit of holding back urine. The urine will stay in the bladder for a long time. When a small amount of bacteria invade, the residence time will be increased.

Kind tips

When you suffer from a urinary tract infection, you should ensure that you drink 2,000 ml of water every day. Drinking water can increase urination and has the effect of cleaning the urethra. The diet should be mainly light to reduce irritation to the urethra. Eat more fresh vegetables and fruits. The carotene and vitamin C contained in them can help reduce inflammation. Eat more foods that are diuretic, heat-clearing and detoxifying, such as winter melon, cucumber, lettuce, etc. Try not to eat pepper, ginger, leeks, etc. Eat spicy food and quit smoking and drinking.

Agar.io (Cell Phagocytosis 2021)

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Cell Phagocytosis 2021 is a very good fun casual io adventure series game. In the game, players can experience the perfect fun of the long-lost casual io adventure world. A variety of different interesting game contents and the legendary cell excellent gameplay will bring you the best A magical game experience, I believe many users will like it very much, hurry up and download the latest Cell Phagocytosis 2021 experience!

basic introduction

In Cell Phagocytosis 2021, players start with a super small cell, which grows larger and larger by devouring other nutrients or players, and eventually becomes the largest existence on the entire map. What a time-saving tool it is.

Game features

1. Play with players from all over the world in "Agar.io" and become the biggest cell among them;

2. Control your small cells and eat other players to become bigger! But be careful: players bigger than you are also considering eating you as a meal. Stay alive and eat enough mass to become the biggest cell in the game;

3. The player controls a cell, which is just a small cell at the beginning. It survives in a bunch of large cells and eats small dots (nutrients?) on the map. After you grow up a little, you can run to eat larger cells, keep getting bigger and bigger, and finally try to dominate the entire map;

4. However, there is a big problem: you are not a person (cell). You're on a map with thousands of other players competing for resources and other players who are weaker than you. You have an advantage: smaller cells run faster. You have a disadvantage: cells over 50 in size can split into two, and the way they split is to fly half of them out and hit you in the face… So players need to look at the position to eat nutrients and other cells, and try to be full of players A piece of sky emerges from the map;

5. Based on controls developed specifically for touch screens, agar.io offers the same addictive gameplay that millions of players enjoy on PC. Play online now and use splitting, shrinking, and dodging strategies to chase or evade other players! Plus use the correct mystery name to earn unique skins.

game rules

1. Your bacteria will move towards the pointed location;

2. Large bacteria can eat small bacteria and become larger;

3. Press Space to launch half of the clone forward;

4. Give big bacteria a chance to attack small bacteria;

5. But the larger the bacteria, the longer they have to wait before they can fuse together automatically;

6. Therefore, you will also bring risks to yourself when attacking;

7. Press W to launch nutrients forward to feed others;

8. Since communication is impossible in the game, players often use W to show goodwill, beg for mercy, form alliances, etc.;

9. You can also launch it forward and eat it back yourself to speed up your escape;

10. But it consumes more than it absorbs, so you will suffer a loss if you use too much;

11. As long as you know this, you can start eating! Since the opponents are all live players, everyone wants to take advantage of others, but they are often caught by a mantis. The more you lose, the more unwilling you are, and you want to press Play immediately to go back and seek revenge against your previous enemy. It is even more addictive than "Bird".

Gameplay

In the game, the player controls a cell, which is just a small cell at the beginning. It survives in a bunch of large cells and eats small dots (nutrients?) on the map. After you grow up a little, you can run to eat larger cells, keep getting bigger and bigger, and finally try to dominate the entire map.

But there's a big problem: you are not a person (cell). You're on a map with thousands of other players competing for resources and other players who are weaker than you. You have an advantage: smaller cells run faster.You have a disadvantage: cells over 50 in size can split into two, and the way they split is to fly half of them out and hit you in the face… So players need to look at the position to eat nutrients and other cells, and try to be full of players Make a day out of the map

Chinese name: Agar.io

Package name: com..agar.io

MD5 value:

Cell Phagocytosis Agar.io2018 Latest Version

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Agar.io is a very interesting casual and entertainment mobile game. The game interface is designed in a simple hand-drawn style. The gameplay is relatively simple. It is similar to big fish eating small fish. You need to eat the circles around you that are smaller than yourself to grow stronger. Come and download and experience it yourself and friends who like it.

The game has been cracked to avoid Google verification

Cytophagy Agar.io game rules:

Cell phagocytosis Chinese version_Cell phagocytosis stand-alone version_Cell phagocytosis download

1) Your bacteria will move towards the mouse location.

Cell phagocytosis stand-alone version_Cell phagocytosis Chinese version_Cell phagocytosis download

2) Large bacteria can eat small bacteria to become larger.

Cell phagocytosis Chinese version_Cell phagocytosis download_Cell phagocytosis stand-alone version

3) Press Space to launch half of the clone forward. This gives the big bacteria a chance to attack the small bacteria, but the bigger bacteria have to wait longer before they can fuse together automatically, so they also bring risks to themselves when attacking.

Cell phagocytosis stand-alone version_Cell phagocytosis download _Cell phagocytosis Chinese version

4) Press W to shoot nutrients forward to feed others.

Cell phagocytosis download_Cell phagocytosis stand-alone version_Cell phagocytosis Chinese version

Cytophagy Agar.io game introduction:

"Agar.io" is an online game that can be played with players all over the world. The player controls a cell, which is just a small cell at the beginning. It survives in a bunch of large cells and eats small dots (nutrients?) on the map. After you grow up a little, you can run to eat larger cells, keep getting bigger and bigger, and finally try to dominate the entire map.

But there's a big problem: you are not a person (cell). You're on a map with thousands of other players competing for resources and other players who are weaker than you. You have an advantage: smaller cells run faster. You have a disadvantage: cells over 50 in size can split into two, and the way they split is to fly half of them out and hit you in the face… So players need to look at the position to eat nutrients and other cells, and try to be full of players There is a sky in the map.