Tag Queue

  • Home   /  
  • Posts tagged "Queue"

Physical Education Teaching Plan For Second Grade Primary School

Leave a comment , , , ,

Summary of 14 articles on physical education teaching plans for second grade primary schools

In order to ensure that work or things can be carried out efficiently, it is often necessary to prepare plans in advance. The content of the plan is mostly for superiors to subordinates or involves relatively large-scale work, and is generally issued in the form of a "document header". So what kind of plan is good? The following is a physical education teaching plan for the second grade of primary school that the editor has compiled for you. It is for reference only. I hope it can help you.

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 1

Learning stage: Level 1

Learning objectives: Develop running ability in games and competitions; fully mobilize students’ enthusiasm for activities.

Learning content: Various games

Learning steps:

1. Happy games and sufficient activities

Teacher activities:

1. Organize regular training for students.

2. Organize student group games and participate in student games.

Student Activities:

1. The sports committee members assemble the team and check the number of attendees.

2. The whole class is divided into two groups to play the "Big Fishing Net" game.

Organization: four-row horizontal team, group game

2. Group exploration and proficiency skills

Key point: Correct fast running motion.

Teacher activities:

1. Put forward the requirements for Yellow River and Yangtze River games and organize student games.

2. Organize students’ “human ball race” game.

Student Activities:

1. Divide into two groups and play the game "Yellow River and Yangtze River" under the guidance of the teacher to experience fast starting and sensitive response.

2. Divide into four groups to experience the fun of "man-ball racing" and improve your fast running ability.

Organization: Group games

3. Extend and display talents

Teacher activities:

1. Put forward requirements for group activities and safety requirements, and encourage and observe students to create their own game activities.

2. Guide students to present the summary.

Student Activities:

1. Discuss in groups, use existing game experience combined with teacher’s requirements to try new games.

2. Continuously improve the methods and rules of the game during the trial process.

3. Communicate with each other and display the created games.

Organization: The activity queue is as shown below:

Equipment: One basketball

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 2

teaching objectives:

1. Through teaching, more than 90% of students can judge the correct arm swing movement for running;

2. Through teaching, more than 85% of students can initially learn the correct arm swinging technique on the spot, and 60% of students can use it correctly during running. At the same time, students' speed, agility, coordination and other qualities can be improved. ;

3. Through teaching, students can correctly understand the new meaning of "The Tortoise and the Hare" in creative situational teaching activities, and cultivate students' good qualities such as bravery, tenacity, positivity, unity and cooperation;

4. Develop students’ image thinking and creative abilities through a variety of teaching methods.

Teaching focus:

Keep the forearm and upper arm at a reasonable angle when swinging back and forth. Teaching the correct arm posture and coordination of the lower limbs during difficult runs.

Part of the teaching content teacher-led student activities teaching requirements organization time

Scenario import:

1. Greetings from teachers and students

2. Scenario introduction The teacher asked: Children, are you ready?

Tell the story of "The Tortoise and the Hare", combine it with questions, introduce the topic situation, and stimulate students' interest in creating stories. Student answer: We are ready, here we come!

Take a break and listen.

Active imagination. Cheerful, lively and energetic.

Focus students' attention and stimulate students' curiosity and thirst for knowledge. The students ran to the teacher and stood around the teacher.

scene

1. Warm-up run

bird flying

2. Animal imitation exercise

bee fuck

duck fuck

Peacock fuck

Frog fuck

Bunny fuck

Teachers take the lead:

1. Fly with the teacher

2. The teacher introduces a large forest scene and leads everyone to imitate the happy play of small forest animals.

1. Teachers take the lead and students follow freely.

2. Listen carefully, watch carefully, and imitate happily.Students are cheerful and active

3. Student positions: scattered around the teacher.

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 3

Teaching ideas:

The comprehensive implementation of new curriculum teaching in primary schools marks a critical period for the new curriculum reform. Therefore, teachers have paid appropriate attention to the teaching philosophy, teaching objectives, teaching methods, and teaching content of the "Physical Education and Health" subject. Against this premise and background, I mainly design the teaching of this class from the following aspects: First, in terms of teaching philosophy, this class is based on the health first mentioned in the fitness class and puts students' health first. Development-oriented, fitness and education and other teaching concepts; second aspect, starting from the actual situation of students, in teaching, teachers must be familiar with students and understand students. I think this is based on student development, although this is a second-year student , but they are not a blank sheet of paper. They live in an open era. They have received more than a year of school education and are no longer strangers to cooperation and inquiry, especially when they passed the first-grade "Physical Education and Health" class. In learning, we already have some understanding and attempts of some teaching materials such as jumping and single jump and double landing. Therefore, while learning to run a few steps and jump over certain obstacles with one kick, students can experience cooperation, exploration, and enjoy success-based Happiness; The third aspect emphasizes the reform of teaching and learning methods. In the teaching of jumping textbooks, I teach through the setting and guidance of problem situations. When teaching the ant moving game, I focus on cultivating students' Unity, cooperation, communication and interaction.

Textbook analysis:

Jumping focuses on developing students' jumping and knee and ankle joint support capabilities, improving the strength of the lower limbs and small muscle groups of the lower limbs, and cultivating strength and agility and coordination. It is a compulsory textbook for primary school physical education and an important part of the national fitness movement.

Jumping exercises are also the main content for the development of basic jumping activity abilities in lower grades of primary schools. It is the basis for primary school students to form jumping sports skills and techniques. It can also serve the purpose of developing physical fitness and stimulating interest in exercise.

Student situation analysis:

Second-year primary school students are lively by nature and have relatively weak self-control abilities, and their attention is easily diverted; students are in a period of growth and development, have poor muscle strength, are prone to fatigue, and have begun to show differences in their athletic ability; they begin to gradually understand how teachers and classmates evaluate themselves, And can express one's thoughts simply and have a certain sense of self-protection.

teaching objectives:

Student sports skill goals: basically master the action method of running a few steps and jumping over certain obstacles with one foot, learn to choose the starting distance that suits you, develop students' jumping ability, skills and running ability, and fully achieve the purpose of physical exercise.

Student sports participation goal: Let students experience the fun of participating in sports activities and show a strong interest in learning physical education classes.

Student health goals: Cultivate students’ correct body postures for standing at attention, taking a rest, and running and walking. Student mental health goals: Let students feel the joy and successful emotional experience brought by learning and practicing during exercise.

Students' adaptation to society goals: the establishment of students' personal confidence, the generation of peer friendships and the cultivation of mutual cooperation.

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 4

teaching objectives:

Through the work practice of the long rope jumping competition, more friends have realized and realized the importance of the competition process. Helping children become more passionate and fond of sports during the competition stage, and at the same time better practicing and developing the sense of collective honor and the spirit of unity and mutual assistance. I believe this is the result that many teachers and parents hope to see.

Teaching preparation:

Prepare two to three long ropes so that men and women can have mixed play, which is of great help to the tacit cooperation between them. In addition, the quality of the rope can be made of beef tendon material. Try not to choose plastic to avoid wear and tear, which will affect the smooth progress of the game.

Teaching process:

1. The teacher can conduct demonstration teaching in front and describe the precautions during long rope jumping to ensure that children can arrange game entertainment activities in a safe environment, thereby helping everyone experience the joy of sports games.

2. Use the rule of taking turns to shake the rope to ensure fairness during the competition. Especially as a male teacher, you should encourage students to take the initiative to shake the rope. This is very helpful in cultivating a man's sense of responsibility.

3. After all the competition procedures are familiar, the teacher can organize a long rope jumping competition, and applaud and encourage the final winner of the competition to stimulate children's interest in physical education classes.

Finish:

Jumping long rope is a game that many people like. In this game activity, friends will experience the joy of competition. I believe it will appropriately change and improve students' attitude towards physical education classes.

Physical education teaching plan for the second grade of primary school 5

1. Assemble the whole team, report the number of people in class, say hello to teachers and students, and check attendance.

2. Introduce the learning situation in class and ask questions about learning points.

3. Announce the teaching objectives of this lesson and briefly describe the teaching process and requirements.

4. Arrange trainees.

5. Check and organize clothing

6. Practice with concentration.

1. Organization: four horizontal lines

Teaching requirements:

Study hard and train hard;

Be energetic and follow instructions;

Be clear about your goals and be willing to participate in this lesson.

1. Jogging: about 600~800 meters

2. Exercise while traveling:

(1) Chest expansion exercise;

(2) Arm fluttering movement;

(3) Side flexion movement;

(4) Body rotation movement;

(5) Body forward bending movement;

(6) Lunge leg press exercise.

3. Induction exercises

Feel free to hang out with each other and do some clapping exercises for two people.

Organization method:

Teaching requirements:

Warm-up exercises should be performed gracefully and in place;

Reflection: Through learning, students can cultivate respect for others, care for their peers and a good fraternity spirit.

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 6

Teaching content:

1. Basic gymnastics movements (side raises, upper raises)

2. Flexibility exercises (shoulder press)

teaching objectives:

1. Through the practice of various basic gymnastics movements, students can initially understand the essentials and methods of each movement, improve students' attention and observation ability, and cultivate students' physical coordination.

2. Develop students’ flexibility in various parts through various exercises.

Teaching steps:

1. The beginning (10-9`)

1. The students themselves line up in two horizontal lines according to the size of the boys and girls.

2. Learn to count from 1 to 2

3. The teacher leads the students to play a pictographic imitation game. (Crab, bird, elephant, bear, duck, etc.)

2. Basic part (20`)

(1) Basic gymnastics movements (side raises, upper raises)

1. Lateral lift (upper lift): (1) The teacher gives the side lift (upper lift) command and allows students to perform the movements according to their own imagination and feeling. (2) The teacher finds students who do well to demonstrate and let the students tell how they did it. (3) The teacher explains the essentials and practice requirements of the lateral lift (upward lift) (4) Gives commands to practice collectively (prompts the methods and essentials at any time, and encourages and praises students) (5) After practicing in groups, select a group to demonstrate and encourage Praise (6) Teacher patrols and guides students to practice in groups (7) Encourages students to practice together again (8) Practice in groups again (9) Accept the results

(2) Flexibility exercises (shoulder press): (1) Explain the essentials and practice methods of demonstration movements (2) The teacher guides students to practice in pairs (3) Select the best to demonstrate and encourage praise (4) The teacher patrols and guides students to practice in a distributed manner (5) Encourage students to practice together again (6) Practice separately (7) Accept the results

3. Ending part (5-4`) 1. Review the content of this lesson

2. Pictogram game, relax

3. Summary

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 7

Learning objectives: Actively participate in various activities, be willing to practice repeatedly, and be able to cooperate with classmates to carry out activities.

Learning content: Queue formation practice game: Gather quickly

Study time: first week

Learning steps:

1. Review the queue formation

Teacher activities:

1. Gather students, conduct regular classroom education, and clarify classroom requirements.

2. Arrange the physical education class formation, adjust students' positions, and organize students to perform queue exercises: take a break, stand at attention, and look to the right.

3. Students have short attention spans, so small games are interspersed with exercises – concentration exercises.

4. Review what you have learned about taking a break, standing at attention, and looking to the right, with standardized movements, concentrated attention, and quick reactions.

5. Correct mistakes made during exercises in a timely manner, invite students to come on stage to show their movements, and provide comments.

6. Teachers encourage students in a timely manner, improve students' enthusiasm, and patiently guide individual students.

Student Activities:

1. Concentrate on listening, abide by classroom routines, and do not talk or make trouble.

2. Actively participate in queue practice activities.

3. Actively participate in mini-game activities, clarify game methods, concentrate on thinking, and respond quickly.

4. Be able to skillfully perform the movements of taking a rest, standing at attention, and looking to the right.

5. Be confident in yourself and have the courage to correct classmates’ mistakes.

6. Learn to persist and strengthen self-control.

organize:

2. Exchanges and cooperation

Teacher activities:

1. Organize students into groups to practice independently (emphasis: standing still), and teachers will provide guidance.

2. Organize students to conduct queue presentations and guide students to evaluate.

3. Practice in groups again.

Society activities:

1. Actively participate in queue training activities, be able to live in harmony with team members, cooperate with each other, and complete tasks conscientiously.

2. Act carefully, show yourself boldly, and be able to speak and evaluate positively.

3. Be willing to practice repeatedly and guide and help each other.

Organization: scattered points

3. Happy Games: Gather quickly

Teacher activities:

1. The rules of the game must be explained clearly so that students can understand them.

2. Organize students to participate in game activities.

3. Correct any problems that arise in the game immediately.

4. Guide students to participate in the game correctly.

5. Compete with each other in groups, evaluate outstanding groups, praise and encourage them, and improve students' enthusiasm. It requires "fast, quiet and uniform".

Student Activities:

1. Listen carefully and understand the requirements and complete the game as required.

2. Actively participate, strictly demand yourself, and further improve your self-control ability.

3. Correct your mistakes promptly.

4. Cultivate team awareness, learn to communicate with each other, and experience the difference between collective activities and individual activities.

Organization: four horizontal lines, four columns

4. Summary and evaluation

Teacher activities:

1. Conduct an overall evaluation of the class and promptly correct any problems that arise during the class. Class routines strongly require this.

2. Evaluation of teacher-student interaction.

Student Activities:

1. Remember the teacher’s requirements.

2. Evaluation of teacher-student interaction.

Organization: four rows

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 8

Topic: Left (right) turn and walk game: Lesson 13 of double walking backwards

Central course preparer Secondary course preparer

The teaching goal is to enable students to form correct postures and good habits for standing and walking.

2. Through formation, students can develop a good style of correct movements, quick response, uniformity, obedience to the group, and obedience to commands.

3. Through games, develop students' strength and ability to walk backwards, improve aerobic endurance, and cultivate students' will quality.

The key movements in teaching should be stretched and straight.

Difficulties in Teaching Body Turn Movements: The upper limbs should be level when turning

Teaching preparation

Teaching process

Analysis and expansion of design intent teaching process

1. Classroom routines

1. Assemble the whole team, teachers and students say hello 2. Announce the content of this lesson and make requests

3. Check the number of people 4. Queue practice: walk in unison

2. Turn left (right)

1. Explain the essentials of turning right and demonstrate it.

2. Students learn the essentials of turning left

3. Group model practice, teacher guidance.

4. Practice in groups, 4 people in a group, with individual guidance from the teacher

5. Gather and show the results of the group

3. Game: Two people walking backwards

1. The teacher explains the rules of the game

2. Organize students to carry out game activities

4. End of class

1. Assemble the whole team and give a review of this lesson

2. Organize students to do relaxation exercises

3. Goodbye teachers and students

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 9

Learning goal: Through observation, be able to complete various necessary queue actions with the group

Learning content: Queue game – follow me

Learning steps:

1. Indoor part:

1. Announce class and say hello to teachers and students.

2. Arrange the learning content of this lesson.

3. Show the flipchart and let students watch the action diagrams of standing at attention, taking a rest, and looking forward.

4. Self-imitate the actions in the picture, and students in the same seat can correct and learn from each other.

5. Ask students to talk about how they feel when they make the correct movements.

2. Outdoor part:

1. Under the guidance of the teacher, collectively practice standing at attention, taking a rest, and looking forward.

2. Each group of students will line up in order to observe and correct the actions of the students in this group.

3. Explain the "Follow Me" game method: at the beginning of the game, the conductor says: "Please do this with me" while performing actions (such as standing at attention, taking a breath, etc.), and the player responds while making corresponding actions. "I'll do this with you."

4. Play the "Follow Me" game under the leadership of the teacher.

5. Students play the "Follow Me" game with each other.

6. Compare to see whose posture is the most correct and give rewards.

7. Relaxation activities:

8. Summarize and announce the next class and go directly to the playground to line up.

The design idea of ​​the lesson: cultivate students' observation and self-imitation abilities through illustrations, and at the same time, the spirit of mutual help, mutual learning, unity and cooperation can be fully reflected in the game.

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 10

Teaching content:

1. Queue while marching (walking in unison) 2. Game: chase and hide

teaching objectives:

1. Let most students further understand the essentials of walking in step, correct body posture and good habits.

2. Enable students to gradually develop a good style of correct movements, obeying instructions, and observing discipline in collective actions.

3. Develop students' jumping and dodging abilities through games, develop their jumping ability, cultivate their wit, bravery, tenacity and adaptability, and feel the joy of success and lively emotions.

Teaching steps:

1. The beginning (6-5`)

1. The students themselves line up in two horizontal lines according to the size of the boys and girls.

2. Review the content of previous lessons.

3. The teacher leads the students to play a pictographic imitation game. (Crab, bird, elephant, bear, duck, etc.)

2. Basic part (25`)

(1) Queue while marching (walking in unison)

1. Walking in unison: (1) Review the movement of walking on the spot (emphasis on arm swing and rhythm). (2) The teacher finds students who do better and demonstrates them before practicing again. (3) The teacher explains the essentials of walking in step and the requirements for practice (4) Gives commands to practice collectively (prompt at any time, emphasizing stride length and cadence) (5) Select the best to demonstrate and encourage and praise (6) The teacher inspects and guides students to disperse Exercise (7) Encourage students to practice together again (8) Distribute and practice again (9) Accept the results

Note: Appropriately arrange pictogram imitation games to attract students' attention during the breaks in practice.

(2) Game: You chase me and hide

1. Introduce the methods and requirements of the game

2. The teacher leads the students to practice again

3. Play the game

be safe

3. Ending part (5-4`)

1. Review the content of this lesson

2. Pictogram game, relax

3. Summary

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 11

Purpose

1. Through the study of this lesson, students can learn the simple queue method of "turning in place".

2. Cultivate students' good physical posture, as well as the ability to act quickly and follow instructions.

3. Cultivate students to be serious and responsible at work and develop good physical posture.

Sequential teaching content, venue, teacher activities, student activities, number of hours, emphasis

Preparatory part

1. Classroom routine:

1. The Sports Committee assembles the team, greets teachers and students, reports the number of people, and checks clothing.

2. Announce the content and tasks of the class.

2. Preparatory activities:

1. Queue: stand at attention, take a break, assemble, and disperse.

2. Broadcast exercises.

3. Special preparation activities. organize:

Ditto the formation of four horizontal lines.

1. Teachers’ language must be clear.

2. The teacher explains the classroom requirements and tasks.

3. Explain the requirements for queue exercises.

4. Teachers and students practice together.

1. Students stand in four horizontal lines.

2. Students listen carefully and pay attention.

3. Follow instructions and concentrate.

4. Students fully move all joints.

Basic part

1. Queue:

In-situ transfer method:

Focus: Turn;

Difficulty: The legs should be close together and not swept out.

organize:

Ditto the formation of four horizontal lines, gymnastics formation.

1. The teacher explains the movement methods and essentials.

2. The teacher demonstrates breakdown and complete movements.

3. Teachers provide individual guidance to students.

1 Students listen carefully to the movement methods and essentials

2 students practice together.

3 students practice in groups.

Sequential teaching content, venue, teacher activities, student activities, number of hours, emphasis

Basic part

1. Review:

(broadcast exercise)

The eighth set of broadcast exercises (full set)

Key points: the requirements and proficiency of each movement.

Difficulty: Accurate movements, graceful and generous, full of energy.

organize:

4. Find students to perform.

1. The teacher explains the game requirements and rules.

2. Students practice competitions.

3. Teachers make correct assessments of victory and defeat. 4. The full and full movements are easy and consistent

1. Students listen carefully to the rules of the game.

2. Students practice competitions.

3. Group competition.

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 12

1. Guiding ideology

The "student development-oriented" proposed in the "Second Curriculum Reform" should not only be reflected in learning activities, but also be reflected in the arrangement of teaching content and provide students with more space for learning activities. Including the time, content, and methods of learning activities, students' awareness must be publicized. The teaching content of this class is designed according to the physical and mental characteristics of second-year students. Students are required to actively participate in teaching, and teachers guide students to use their brains to actively move, stimulate students' ability and interest in activities, and learn knowledge in happy activities.

2. Related analysis

1 Content analysis

The content of this lesson is walking: creating geometric figures and throwing small sandbags. Walking is the simplest and most basic exercise in sports. Correct walking posture can improve self-confidence. Primary school students are in the stage of growing their bodies. This The plasticity of their bodies is very strong in one segment. Strengthening the requirements for correct posture can effectively improve students' coordination abilities. Throwing small sandbags is a favorite activity for primary school students. Primary school students are active and curious about everything. Through various sandbag games, they can cultivate their mutual cooperation, mutual encouragement, and unity and upward spirit. Let them learn knowledge through the game.

2Student situation analysis

This class is taught to Grade 2 students (1). The students in this class are lively, expressive, quick-thinking, and curious. According to this situation, I designed a small model catwalk to coordinate with the activity of creating geometric figures. Play music to add vitality to the boring walking. I use small football-style black and white sandbags for distance throwing exercises, and use novel equipment to increase students' interest in learning activities.

3. Teaching objectives

1. Through the creation of geometric figures, it not only cultivates the coordination ability of the body but also improves the students' brain thinking ability.

2. Learn to throw small sandbags quickly with your arms to stimulate students' desire to throw faster and further.

3. The quality of will to cooperate with each other, help each other, overcome difficulties, and move forward courageously in enjoyable learning.

4. Teaching process

As soon as I started class, I designed a suspense for the students without directly telling them the content of our section. Then we entered our first section of warm-up activity "boxing exercise" with beautiful music. After a burst of cheerful boxing exercises, Entering our second section, we asked, "Children, have we learned triangle rows, square rows, circles, and rectangles in mathematics? In the past, we used to draw shapes with our hands. Now can we walk into these shapes?" Divide into groups. Create ideas about what graphics can be created around the landmarks, try them out, and finally present them as a group.

I paired the boring walking with music, so that the students would not feel bored when walking geometric figures with the cooperation of music. The teacher reminds the essentials of actions and praises individual students for doing well, very well, and well. Every student hopes that the teacher's praise will increase their interest in learning. Next, we move on to our second sub-session, "Elf's Little Ghost", where the teacher gives commands, makes gestures, and performs exercises such as walking, running, and stopping. Improve students' reaction and coordination abilities in the form of walking and running games. The third section is when we throw small sandbags. I use the tiptoe game to get students interested in the small ball. Next, we throw small sandbags. First, we imitate the movements with our bare hands, and then we throw them in groups. The students discuss and help each other. Throwing sandbags, and finally a throwing competition, the throwing champion, runner-up, and third runner-up of our class were selected among the students. In the last section, I designed a fitness yangko dance, which ended with a happy dance. Finally, students were asked to summarize the knowledge they learned in one class.

5. Conclusion

Throughout the classroom, teachers conduct activities in the form of various games, allowing students to master certain skills, try innovation, cooperation, and experience the fun of success during the practice process.

This course is my understanding and reflection of the new concept of the second-term curriculum reform. Through teaching practice, I deeply realize that teaching is not only a science, but also an art. To teach a class well, teachers must not only follow the objective laws of teaching work, but also carry out creative design and conception, so as to fully mobilize students' interest in learning, improve their enthusiasm for learning, and maximize teaching effectiveness.

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 13

1. Guiding ideology:

According to the "Primary School Physical Education Curriculum Standards" (Level 1) and the physiological characteristics of primary school students, based on emotional-informed teaching and with the guiding ideology of "Health First", various scenarios and conditions are created through teacher organization and guidance to give full play to students' abilities. The role of the main body strives to achieve the simultaneous education of body, mind, knowledge and intelligence, fully mobilize students' enthusiasm in the teaching process, develop students' ability to run quickly, cultivate students' attitude towards serious learning and experience the joy of cooperation with others.

2. Teaching analysis

1. Analysis of teaching content:

This lesson selects the content of the running part of the first level. Through a series of running exercises, students will develop their basic ability to run naturally. At the same time, some individual and group exercises will be arranged to allow students to experience the difference between individual cooperation and cooperation with others, and enhance their awareness of cooperation.

2. Analysis of teaching objects:

Second-grade primary school students are lively, active, and have poor self-control. Using situational teaching can fully mobilize their enthusiasm for learning and make them concentrate. During teaching, teachers can allow them to actively imitate, practice, and use their brains to achieve the purpose of learning knowledge.

3. Teaching objectives

1. Know the action methods and requirements of fun relay running and two-person cooperative running.

2. Through the fun run "Tree Planting" and other series of activities and games, students can develop their basic ability to run naturally and strive to run easily and naturally.

3. During the activities, you can experience the difference between personal games and other people’s games, and enhance your sense of cooperation.

4. Key points and difficulties in learning:

Key point: take steps naturally and run forward quickly; Difficulty point: run easily and naturally.

5. Teaching methods and means:

Teaching methods: situational teaching method, demonstration method, practice method, motivation method, etc.; learning methods: observation method, trial method, game method, cooperation method, competition method, etc.

6. Teaching ideas:

1. The beginning part

Strengthen students' general awareness and know the topic of this lesson.

2. Preparation part

Warm up to allow your body to fully move and prevent sports injuries.Get familiar with the equipment through mini games and learn how to change equipment

3. Basic part

Through running exercises: the "Afforestation" series of activities develops students' basic ability to run naturally. At the same time, some individual and collective exercises are arranged to allow students to experience the difference between individual cooperation and cooperation with others and enhance their awareness of cooperation. Through games: Fun Run – Build a home, develop running abilities, and cultivate the quality of cooperation among peers.

4. Ending part

Through relaxation exercises, students can relax both physically and mentally. Based on teacher comments, students can self-evaluate their performance and mastery of the lesson.

Physical education teaching plan for second grade primary school 14

Topic: Standing long jump

1: Teaching objectives and requirements:

1. Through the study of "standing long jump", initially master the technical movements of "standing long jump" and form the correct concept.

2. Enhance students’ jumping ability and the development of physical qualities such as agility, speed, and coordination.

3. Through games, students can cultivate their seriousness and responsibility for work and develop their running ability.

2: Teaching content and activities:

1. Long jump: (standing long jump)

2. Game "Bargaining Relay"

(1) Preparation part:

1. Form a team, report the number of people, say hello to teachers and students, requirements: The team must be fast, quiet, neat, energetic, and move correctly and neatly.

2. Announce the content and requirements of the class and arrange for trainees.

3. Prepare for exercise.

(2)Basic part

1. Standing long jump:

Action essentials: Stand with your feet naturally left and right, lean your upper body slightly forward, swing your arms back and forth once, cooperate with your legs to flex and extend naturally, then swing your arms forward and upward with force, and at the same time push your feet hard on the ground, moving forward quickly Jump out from above and land with your heels first.

Key points: Swing your arms forward and upward quickly and forcefully, push off the ground and retract your legs.

Difficulties: Coherent movements and coordinated pedaling and swinging.

1. The teacher explains and demonstrates and raises important and difficult points.

2. Students do arm swing exercises of one, two and three "three beats".

3. Students do the exercise of swinging their arms upward and jumping up.

4. Under the guidance of the teacher, do the exercise of swinging your arms forward and upward.

5. The teacher points out common mistakes and corrects them.

6. Students conduct comparative exercises and practice in groups.

2. Game: (Swapping Relay):

Game method: Draw a starting line on the field, draw four circles side by side 10 meters in front of the line, 3 meters apart, and a solid ball in the circle. The students are divided into four columns of equal numbers and stand behind the starting line facing the circle. The leader of each team holds a small rubber ball. After the order is given, the leaders of each team quickly run to the small circle in front of their team, place the ball in the circle, pick up the solid ball and run back to the second person. The second person follows the above method and exchanges the solid ball for the small rubber ball. . This is done in order, and the team that runs first wins.

Game rules: Exchange items must be placed in the circle. If they roll out of the circle, they must be picked up and put away before running.

Requirements: Play carefully, obey instructions, and pay attention to safety.

(3)Ending part

1. Grouping

2. Organizing exercise: staying put

3. Summary

4. Dissolution

Reflection: Enhance students’ jumping ability and the development of physical qualities such as agility, speed, and coordination. Through games, students are cultivated to be serious and responsible for their work and develop their running ability.

[Physical Education Teaching Plan for Second Grade Primary Schools] Related articles:

Primary School Physical Education Teaching Plan 09-26

Primary School Physical Education Teaching Plan 04-14

Physical education teaching plan for the second grade of primary school 04-24

Physical education teaching plan for the second grade of primary school 02-24

Physical education teaching plan for the second grade of primary school 04-13

Practical plan for physical education teaching plan for the second grade of primary school 10-10

Highlights of primary school physical education teaching plans 05-30

2023 Physical Education Teaching Plan for Second Grade Primary Schools 01-08

Primary school physical education teaching plan 15 articles 02-11

Primary school physical education teaching plan (15 articles) 02-11

When Thousands Of Overseas Players Queued For 5 Hours For "Black Myth: Wukong"

Leave a comment , , , ,

At the Cologne Games Show, "Black Myth: Wukong" is the most popular game, bar none. Every time I see its booth, my knowledge is refreshed repeatedly.

On the morning of August 24th, German time, as soon as the exhibition hall opened, countless players poured in and queued up at the Black Myth booth. Until after 12 o'clock, there was a sign in front of the booth that said "The queue will take about 300 minutes."

In this exhibition, each round of Black Myth’s trial play time is 30 minutes, and a total of about 50 test machines have been prepared on site. Based on this calculation, 300 minutes means that there are about 500 players waiting in front. Many friends who are experienced in queuing took out their matzas or camping chairs, which created a different kind of scenery. Friends at the scene said that this was the result of the organizers not allowing more people to line up.

Although the queue time was shortened to 180 minutes in the afternoon, the scene still looked quite spectacular. At noon, several players told me that they had queued for an hour and would have to queue for another four hours. At around 3 p.m., I actually saw them again. said a young Chinese. The reason why he attended Gamescom was mainly to try out Black Myth: "It's enough to finish playing this, and the rest…that's it!" Another international student said, if this game can really be priced as rumored 188, then "even if the frame drops, it's just that Brother Monkey is tired."

On August 25 (Friday), the scene became even more exaggerated. Before ordinary players entered the venue and the venue was still empty, the queue time at the Black Myth booth reached 120 minutes. I went to the booth again at noon and found that the queue was even bigger than yesterday, and the queuing time had returned to 300 minutes – the popularity of those overseas 3A masterpieces had all been outshone by this monkey. It's hard to imagine what it will be like here on the weekend.

I have not participated in many offline exhibitions. I am worried that I have not seen the world and am making too much fuss, or that Game Science provides too few test machines. However, IGN China Editor-in-Chief Polygon told me that globally, this queue time is quite exaggerated, and before the "Sekiro" test, only 40-50 test machines were provided.

Feel the passion of players

So where does the enthusiasm come from for these players queuing up? Will you be disappointed after trying the game? I also talked to a few players.

A player from Germany believes that compared with Souls-like games, Black Myth has a faster pace, has multiple attack modes, and is not as complicated to operate as Souls-like games. More importantly, as a game using Unreal Engine 5, its image quality is obviously higher.

A girl from China who came to try the game because of the features of the booth poster said that she felt that Black Myth was more attractive to her than "Sekiro". Because for European players, the latter's art style, characters, scenes and world view are more unique than Japanese culture. "I think this game will be very successful in the future."

In short, many overseas players have basically the same view: the booth/game is unique, the gameplay and quality are remarkable, and they are willing to spend 60-70 euros/USD to buy the game. When the blond foreign guy enthusiastically said that he thought the pre-show trailer was great and pronounced the word "Wukong" with an accent, it was a bit magical.

Of course I know how highly anticipated "Black Myth: Wukong" is, but I have always been worried that this expectation comes with too many filters: 3A, Chinese culture, the dreams and counterattacks of a small team (although game science is not a small team) )…Will there be any flaws in its level design? Will the world view of "Dark Westward Journey" be confusing to overseas players? But the current momentum of the Cologne scene still makes me feel at ease.

And through the Black Mythology booth, I also had a more intuitive feeling: Chinese games overseas can actually openly touch some things that we thought were very far away before.

For example, opposite Black Mythology, there is the booth of MiHoYo. Every time "Genshin Impact" has a music performance, the main road it faces will be blocked. The most emotional moment in the audience was when the foreign host cosplayed as Cheng Zhongli, lamely playing "Wandering in the World" on the erhu, and there was another foreign cosplayer Ganyu dancing next to him.

In addition to miHoYo, other domestic manufacturers also have a strong presence. At Tencent Level's booths for products such as "Edge of Rebirth" and "Assassin's Creed", many players also sat on the floor and lined up to try out the products; NetEase's "Everlasting" booth, "Beast Party" booth at Microsoft, as well as Yishijie, The booths of domestic manufacturers such as iDreamSky, Games, Whispering Games, and Independent Ark were also more popular than I imagined.

Swipe left or right to view

Outside the booth, the feeling remains real. For example, about half of the cosplayers at the scene were "Genshin Impact" characters, and Liyue characters such as Gan Yu, Shen He, Mandrill, and Zhongli had a very high appearance rate; some friends said that the foreign young people at the table next to them at dinner , while discussing that China’s mobile games are doing well, and mentioned the names of Tencent and MiHoYo.

The developer who came from before also said that he knew another Chinese stand-alone game that was similar to "Sekiro" but looked better than "Sekiro", but he just forgot the name. The friend who was watching the game asked her if it was "Shadow Blade Zero" and showed her a few pictures. She immediately confirmed it.

"Shadow Blade Zero" also performed very well at Sony's press conference

"Good content (in a broad sense) is everything", "What's national is what's world-wide", "creation and innovation"… I don't want to go around in circles and talk nonsense anymore, saying these truths that are universally applicable. But in the Chinese game industry in the past, we always ignored the simplest laws.

Now that the epidemic is over and the world is reconnected, I think Gamescom is just the beginning, and there will be more real cases in the future. If you want to enter the global market and win the cheers and love of players, buying volume, IP, secondary gameplay, absorption testing and F2P may not be the only way out. Being in the industry, I certainly have no bias against these things. It’s just that when we chose the game industry, we shouldn’t just be pursuing these things.

[Rifle Volley] Weapons And Tactics From Muzzleloader To Breechloader

Leave a comment , , , ,

The picture shows linear tactics. In the era of single-shot muskets, the key to the competition between the two parties was: who dared to stand at a closer distance before firing the first shot.

muzzleloading rifle

After gunpowder was invented in China, it was quickly used in warfare. At first, it was mainly used in projectile weapons. Among tubular firearms, short handguns first appeared, and on this basis longer shooting firearms were developed. This is a rifle, and early rifles were also called "muskets." Before the middle of the 19th century, rifles in the family were distinguished by different shooting devices. There used to be fire door guns, matchlock guns, flintlocks and other varieties. Rifles could also be divided into smoothbore guns by whether they had threads on the inner wall of the barrel. and rifles (or rifled guns).

The world's earliest muskets appeared in China, the hometown of gunpowder. In 1132, Chen Gui of the Southern Song Dynasty created a firearm with gunpowder inside a long bamboo pole to spray fire to kill enemies. In 1259, based on the traditional invention, the Shouchun people of Anhui Province created a tubular firearm called the "Sudden Fire Gun". The blast gun ejects projectiles with the help of gases produced by burning gunpowder. Because it was made of bamboo, it was easily scorched by fire and had a short service life. Later, the Chinese gradually switched to metal materials. By the Yuan Dynasty, they were basically made of copper, and thus the early fire blunderbuss was formed.

Due to the great exchange of Eastern and Western cultures during the Mongol conquest period, Europeans knew how to use gunpowder through the spread of Arabs around 1250. In the 14th century, black powder was used in warfare in Europe, and Europeans began to manufacture firearms. The earliest musket in Europe was the portal gun, which consisted of a barrel, a gun frame, a medicine chamber, a firing device and other components. The musketeer directly ignites the gunpowder in the powder chamber when firing, and shoots stone pellets or metal pellets. Usually the musketeer holds the back of the barrel with his left hand, clamps the butt of the gun with his left arm and body, and uses the other hand to light the gun, either with the butt on the ground or on a fork-shaped stand. The shooting accuracy of the fire gate gun is very low, because the shooter must always keep his eyes on the fire gate of the gun when shooting, and cannot observe the target to be shot, so he cannot aim. In addition, the fire door gun uses fire directly to ignite the gunpowder, which is also very unsafe. But even so, the emerging fire portal gun still showed its power on the battlefield. In 1331, the Teutonic Knights in Germany used fire portal guns to defeat the French heavily armored knights who were difficult to defeat at the time.

In fact, the efficiency of using muskets in the early days was not as good as the bows and arrows, the traditional weapons of infantry at that time, but the use of muskets was relatively simple, and infantry could master it after a short period of training, making it easy to form large armies in the free towns that were popping up in Europe at that time; on the contrary, bows and horses were required To be proficient and become an excellent archer, it will take months or even years of hard training. Over the centuries, muskets gradually replaced traditional infantry weapons such as spears and bows. Western European countries officially adopted muskets as the main weapons of infantry in the 16th century.

In the 15th century, someone invented the "match rope", a safer ignition device for muskets. This overcomes the disadvantage that the musketeer needs to hold the gun in one hand and the firearm in the other hand, so that he cannot aim at the target, and can shoot more accurately. A matchrope is a piece of rope or tightly twisted cloth soaked in a special combustion-supporting solvent (sometimes human urine) and then left to dry, which burns and ignites gunpowder. Each musketeer carried one section and hung it on his belt. After loading gunpowder into the barrel during battle, the gunman inserts the lit end of the match rope into the steel mouth of the gun. After firing, the end of the steel mouth with the live wire comes into contact with the gunpowder in the powder chamber, causing the gunpowder to explode and launch the bullet. . The butt has also been improved to a curved wooden butt, so that the shooter can hold the gun body with one hand in front and the butt with the other hand, which can stabilize the matchlock and improve shooting accuracy. However, the matchlock gun also had the fatal shortcoming of early muskets. It could only be used when the weather was dry and could not be used on rainy days. In addition, the match rope must always be smoldering during battle, which is inconvenient.

The Spanish once developed a heavy matchlock gun, the Mushket musket, which was used in actual combat in the 1530s. It had a long barrel and fired heavy projectiles that could penetrate the heavy plate armor worn by knights at that time and block cavalry charges. Extending the barrel allows the projectile to have a higher velocity and a longer range. Spain used this musket as its main weapon and built the world's earliest musket team. But this kind of musket is quite bulky and requires an iron fork as a shooting support. When shooting, the soldiers mounted the gun on an iron fork and most of the time required two people to operate it, so the mobility on the battlefield was extremely poor.

Between 1610 and 1615, the Frenchman Mahan invented the world's first flintlock gun. The shooting principle of this gun is to ignite the gunpowder by striking a fire. The igniter of a flintlock gun is connected to a fast iron piece. When shooting, the musketeer pulls the trigger, causing the flint to strike the iron piece, causing sparks to ignite the gunpowder in the powder tank. The flintlock gun overcomes the shortcomings of the matchlock gun and can be used regardless of weather conditions.

Early muskets had poor accuracy, short range, low firing rate, and were inconvenient to use. In the 1570s, a shooter who could fire two bullets per minute was already quite good. Due to these shortcomings, for a long time muskets were not used by individual soldiers, but were used to fire dense volleys against enemies in formation, in order to always have some bullets that could hit the enemy in the hail of bullets. When firing intensive salvos at close range, gun accuracy becomes less important. The guns at this time were unable to fire continuously due to their short range, and could not effectively withstand the rapid impact of large groups of cavalry.

These matchlocks and flintlocks were muskets with smooth inner barrels, and later rifles appeared. Legend has it that it was invented by the Austrian Korner. The difference between a rifle and a smoothbore gun is that the inner wall of the barrel is carved with spiral grooves, called rifle lines, and the gun gets its name. This spiral groove causes the fired bullet to rotate so that the bullet's trajectory does not deviate randomly, thereby increasing accuracy and range. But the rifle also has shortcomings: the cost is high, because when shooting, a wooden hammer is used to knock the bullet into the barrel, loading is time-consuming, and the firing speed is slow.

The first people to use rifles on a large scale were the residents of the North American colonies. Before the American Revolution, Pennsylvania craftsmen mass-produced flintlock rifles that were mistakenly called "Kentucky rifles." This kind of gun is light, flexible and accurate, and is purchased by local residents for self-defense. During the North American Revolutionary War, thousands of local residents brought their own rifles to join the Continental Army in fighting against the British. During the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, rifles played a key role. On October 7, British General Fraser led 1,600 British troops equipped with smoothbore flintlock muskets to attack the Continental Army. As they entered a farm clearing, they were attacked by the Virginia Rifles of the Continental Army. The British soldiers stood on the open ground without cover and fired volleys with muskets, while the soldiers of the rifle regiment hid behind the trees and calmly aimed and fired. The range of a rifle is five times that of a rifle, so the British army soon suffered heavy casualties. Fraser was hit by several bullets and fell to the ground, and the British soldiers fled one after another. The riflemen took the opportunity to charge and won.

However, the rifles at this time were only muzzle-loading guns loaded with gunpowder and fired projectiles. Around the middle of the 19th century, breech-loading guns that fired conical bullets came out. Rifles became more powerful, ushering in a new era of weapons.

Marching in Line – Tactics from the Black Powder Era

Linear formations in horizontal formations were developed from the infantry phalanx. The reason for forming horizontal lines is mainly due to changes in infantry weapons. What soldiers hold in their hands are no longer cold weapons such as swords, spears, swords and halberds, but muskets that fire projectiles. In the early days, muskets had limited damage, and it was not easy to hit the enemy. Soldiers lined up in horizontal lines and fired volleys to strengthen the firepower and increase the power of the battle. In Europe, the earliest musketeer lines appeared in the Spanish infantry phalanx in the 16th century.

In the early 16th century, King Charles I of Spain carried out military reforms and organized musketeers and spearmen into an infantry square – the Spanish Grand Square. In actual combat, the musketeers in the phalanx created a new tactic – the retreat reloading technique. After firing a volley, the musketeers in the front row retreated in rows to the rear row to reload in the gaps between rows. In this way, if there are more than 10 rows of muskets, the firepower can be maintained uninterrupted. The advantages of this kind of musket fighting in horizontal lines were quickly demonstrated in the war. In 1525, King Francis I of France led his army to fight the Spanish Habsburg army in Italy. The French army suffered a disastrous defeat and Francis I himself was captured. The French suffered 8,000 casualties and the Spanish suffered less than 1,000 casualties. Most of the French casualties were hit by a barrage of musketry bullets.

At the end of the 16th century, the famous Duke Maurice of the Netherlands also reformed the infantry team. He reduced the depth of the musketeers' ranks and widened the width of each column to 250 meters. This battle formation was named "Morris Line" after him. He attaches great importance to military training and requires soldiers to quickly form formations and perform formation changes in complex terrain. Morris' reforms greatly increased the combat effectiveness of the army. He has a small number of troops, usually less than 10,000 men. But many battles were won. These were primitive line formations. Decades later, with the improvement of Western firearms, a large number of musketeers in the army generally used horizontal line formations to fight.

At the beginning of the 18th century, firearms technology in Europe developed rapidly. Cold weapons such as swords, spears, swords and halberds in the past had basically been eliminated. Infantrymen were equipped with front-loaded flintlock guns with bayonets. The firing range of firearms is 200-300 meters for rifles and 600-800 meters for front-loading smoothbore guns, with a rate of fire of 1 to 2 rounds per minute. This has a greater attack range than cold weapons, and soldiers can kill each other without engaging in close combat. In order to effectively unleash the power of firearms, armies generally fought in linear formations. At first, the depth of this queue was up to 10, and later as ammunition loading speed increased, it was gradually reduced to 3 to 4 rows. When approaching the enemy's position, the soldiers in the first row should take a kneeling position, and the soldiers in the second row should take a standing position. They should fire a volley according to the unified command, and then load the ammunition in the opposite direction. Then the soldiers in the next two rows who have been prepared will advance in sequence and fire a volley. . While firing volleys, the entire queue advanced at a slow speed, and finally used bayonets to decide the outcome with the enemy.

The reason why this kind of queue combat was adopted at that time was because it took a certain amount of time to reload the flintlock guns used by the soldiers, and the shooting accuracy was not high. In order to increase combat firepower and ensure that the commander can effectively control the troops, soldiers need to line up in horizontal formations and fire volleys in accordance with unified orders. The outcome of this kind of battle is almost entirely determined by a single horizontal attack. In September 1759, during the battle between Britain and France for the North American colony of Quebec, the British and French armies fought in parallel lines. The British troops wearing scarlet uniforms first took up their positions, waiting for the French troops, who were also lined up in horizontal lines, to attack. When the French troops with bayonets lined up in three columns and rushed to a place where the two sides were only 50 meters apart, the British troops suddenly fired a volley, causing the French soldiers to stop in shock. The British column took a few steps forward, and then there was another fierce volley… The battle was over soon, and Quebec was transferred from French hands to the British.

In order to ensure that the horizontal lines are arranged neatly and uniformly, the soldiers must be trained formally. Therefore, the parade ground took on a more important role from this time on. Every soldier was trained all day long to march at a uniform pace, holding the weapon at the same angle, and every step of shooting was completed at the same time. It is said that it takes 5 years to train such an army. This also formed the characteristics of European military operations in the 18th century: mechanical rigidity, emphasis on form, adherence to rules, and lack of originality.

Nevertheless, the Prussian army made its own contribution to the development of line queues in the early 18th century. Among the armies of various European countries, the Prussian army has the strictest requirements for soldiers, especially formation training, which requires soldiers to maintain precise steps while marching. When many troops are fighting together, they are also required to maintain a linear formation while marching. In order for the battalions to march side by side and maintain a line, the order stipulated that the formation should march at 75 steps per minute. The Prussian army placed the soldiers in each column side by side and marched step by step on the battlefield. The formation must be strong enough to withstand the impact of the cavalry. In 1740, Frederick became King of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great. He often visited the troops at 4 o'clock in the morning and trained the soldiers himself. A Frenchman described seeing him training each battalion in the barracks: "There was heavy snowfall in the sky, but this did not affect the training of the whole battalion at all. They continued to train as usual as if it was good weather." Strict training created The Prussian army's line formation was strict and could quickly form a battle formation. In October 1757, Frederick led the Prussian army to fight against the Austrian army. When the two armies met, the distance between the Prussian platoons was exactly the same as the width of the front of each row. Under the unified command of the officers, each row of the two columns turned 90 degrees to the left at the same time. Facing the Austrian column, all Prussian troops suddenly formed a battle formation. The Prussian army used the traditional alternating shooting method to rush into the flank of the Austrian army, causing the Austrian army to completely collapse. It can be said that Frederick was a military strategist who applied line formation tactics to the extreme.

After long-term battle testing, the shortcomings of the linear queue were also clearly exposed. Its horizontal lines are shallow in depth, relatively thin, and easily broken; its front is too wide, and its long and narrow lines can only adapt to flat and open terrain; its wings are weak and unable to carry out maneuver operations. Therefore, soldiers lined up in horizontal lines could not pursue the enemy after winning, and could only defeat the enemy in a rout.

breech loading rifle

There is no definite year when modern weapons appeared, but it can be roughly dated to the mid-19th century. The development of weapons away from the black powder era is first reflected in the changes in gunpowder. In 1846, Italian Sobrero invented a method of using nitroglycerin to make high explosives. However, because nitroglycerin was unstable and could explode at any time, it was difficult to use in the military. In 1867, the Swiss Nobel discovered that diatomaceous earth could be used as a stabilizer to make nitroglycerine a safe explosive. Since then, the power of gunpowder has greatly increased, laying the foundation for weapons to enter modern times.

Almost at the same time as the changes in gunpowder, the design of guns began to change from front-loading to breech-loading. Mine pumps and conical warheads that could be used for impact ignition also appeared, which formed the basic style of guns used today. . The American Civil War from 1861 to 1865 was a war in the transition period of weapons. Both front-loading guns and breech-loading guns were used. The disastrous defeat of the Confederate army at the Battle of Gettysburg reflected such a trend. With the increase in gunfire power, it was no longer appropriate to continue to use the linear formations of the past in battle. Due to the greater lethality of firearms, skirmish formations were inevitably used extensively.

Converting from a muzzle-loading gun to a breech-loading gun not only increases the power, but also makes it easier to use. For example, to load a breech-loading gun, you no longer need to raise the gun body, but only need to open the tail of the barrel. The reloading speed and firing speed are greatly accelerated. The earliest breech-loading gun was invented by British officer Sir Alex Ferguson. In 1777, Ferguson took 100 breech-loading guns he designed to the North American colonies to participate in suppressing local anti-British uprisings. This kind of gun can load 6 to 8 rounds per minute, which is much faster than other rifles. In 1780, Ferguson was killed in a battle. Strangely, the British army never continued to use this breech-loading gun.

The subsequent emergence of striker breech-loaded guns revolutionized firearms. In 1835, Prussian Daur Reiser invented the striker breech-loading gun. This kind of gun has a bolt machine. The head of the bolt machine is closely connected to the tail of the barrel. The gunpowder gas will not leak when shooting. This increases the gun speed and improves the hit accuracy. Soon, conical bullets appeared, integrating the flash cap, cartridge case, and warhead into one body, and fired through the impact of the firing pin.

But when the breech-loading gun first appeared, some people hindered its use and promotion in the army. It is said that a Prussian general hated breech-loading guns and left a last word before his death that when he was buried in his cemetery, the muzzle-loading guns should be fired, otherwise he would not die in peace. On another occasion, a Swiss military delegation visited Prussia. One of the generals inspected the troops equipped with breech-loading guns and said: "It is noble to eat with your mouth (referring to the muzzle-loading guns). The Swiss will not use enemas loaded from behind." Guns to shoot”. But the reality on the battlefield is the most telling.

In 1866, war broke out between Prussia and Austria. The Austrian army was equipped with muzzle-loading guns, which were slow to load and had much worse firepower than the Prussian army equipped with breech-loading guns. As a result, the Austrian army was defeated at the Battle of Sadowa. After this war, Austria, France, Switzerland and other countries quickly eliminated muzzle-loading guns. Russia had a dispute over whether to equip breech-loading guns. After seeing the power of breech-loading guns, Minister of War Milyutin immediately wrote to the Tsar, saying: "If there is any hesitation in the determination to adopt breech-loading guns, the consequences will be disastrous." The Tsar then asked him to The Ministry of War sent people to study abroad. After Major Golov returned to the United States for inspection, he praised the advantages of breech-loading guns for their powerful firepower. In the face of the facts, all Russian troops switched to breech-loading guns.

In 1865, German firearms designer Mauser designed a breech-loaded single-shot rifle that fired metal bullets. In 1872, this gun was designated as the standard equipment of the German Army. This is the world's first machine-grip rifle to use metal case bullets. In 1880, Mauser added a magazine for 8 bullets under the barrel. The shooter could push and pull the handle one after another to fire until all the bullets were fired. In 1888, Mauser made further improvements to his rifle. Use a box magazine to hold 5 rounds of bullets and fire the newly invented smokeless powder bullets. Many countries have imitated this rifle. In 1893, China's Hanyang Arsenal began to produce a rifle commonly known as the "old sleeve", which is this kind of Mauser.

In the 1880s, the U.S. military solicited bids from arms dealers from various countries for rifles used by the army. As a result, the winning bid was the Craig rifle produced in Northern Europe. The performance of this gun was far inferior to that of the Mauser. In the Spanish-American War in 1898, the Craig rifles used by American soldiers were no match for the Mauser guns used by Spanish soldiers. Thanks to the U.S. military's numerical superiority and the use of Gatling guns, the Spanish army was defeated. Afterwards, the Springfield Arsenal in the United States simply imitated the Mauser and produced an improved rifle to equip the US military. At the end of the 19th century, various countries successively adopted pointed streamlined bullets with low resistance, and the bullets were basically finalized.

Skirmishers everywhere – tactics in the age of breech-loading guns

In the West, throughout the 18th century infantry basically fought in line formations. But at this time, the shortcomings of this standard formation were also exposed. Its rigid and rigid formation was neither flexible nor easy to expose itself to enemy fire. In order to correct these shortcomings, soldiers fighting on the battlefield at that time spontaneously tried to replace the linear queue with a new queue. As early as the War of Austrian Succession in the 18th century, the Croats serving in the Austrian army did not use linear formations, but were scattered on the battlefield, making it difficult for the Turks fighting them to cope.

In the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783, the quality of soldiers and weapons and equipment of the North American rebels could not be compared with the well-trained and well-armed British army. Therefore, it was impossible for the rebels to defeat the line battles with regular tactics. of British troops. However, the rebels also had advantages. They were familiar with the terrain and had the enthusiasm to fight, so they instinctively adopted skirmishing tactics. The so-called skirmisher group is a formation of three or five individual soldiers who are separated from each other and fight separately. Militiamen often led British troops to fight in areas with complex terrain such as farms and forests. There, skirmishers with poor training but flexible movements can find cover to block the enemy's intensive firepower, flexibly change positions, and attack the enemy. The British troops lined up in horizontal lines had difficulty maintaining their formation and were easily exposed to enemy fire. For example, in the Battle of Bunker Mountain in June 1775, 1,500 North American militiamen used the favorable terrain of the mountains and forests to block 3,000 British soldiers who were lined up side by side in a scattered formation.

By the 1770s, European infantry weapons had been greatly improved. The straight butt of the rifle, which had strong recoil and was inconvenient for aiming, was changed to a curved butt; the heavy gun mount was changed to a lighter and stronger gun mount. With the improvement of weapons, the Russian army also made reforms in its formation tactics. The Russian generals Rumyantsev and Suvorov consciously organized the infantry into spread out formations during the battle and used them in conjunction with column formations. In the Battle of Borodino in 1812, when the Russian army fought Napoleon's army, they had already used infantry columns and skirmisher formations quite skillfully. The characteristics of this battle formation are: a skirmish line in the front, a dense column in the back, and additionally equipped with cavalry and artillery. At the beginning of the battle, they first bombarded with artillery fire, then attacked with skirmishers, and then attacked with cavalry. After several rounds of attacks like this, the infantry column went into attack again and launched the Russian army's famous "hand-to-hand assault" to annihilate the enemy in hand-to-hand combat.

After the 19th century, military technology, especially infantry weapons, underwent revolutionary changes. Rifled guns replaced smoothbore guns, breech-loaded guns replaced muzzle-loading guns, and continuous firing replaced single-shot firing. This series of changes made rifles more powerful than artillery. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, rifles caused approximately 10 times more casualties than artillery. In the past, infantry shooting started from a distance of 50 to 100 meters from the enemy, but now it starts from a distance of 400 meters. In the face of this type of infantry weapon with increased range, improved accuracy, and accelerated rate of fire, if the rigid linear formation is followed, it will only result in heavy casualties and end in failure.

In the Crimean War from 1853 to 1856, the Russian army fought against the British and French forces. During the war, in addition to having superior weapons to their opponents, the coalition forces also began to undergo changes and improvements in their formation tactics. The coalition tried to use skirmishing tactics, that is, the infantry moved in a sparse formation when engaging the enemy. When they reached the range of the rifle, they divided into skirmishing lines. While shooting, they used terrain cover to advance, and they reunited when they arrived at the starting point of the attack. Finally, under the cover of superior firepower, they charged towards the enemy. In actual combat, the Russian army also discovered the value of this skirmishing tactic and quickly followed suit. In the Battle of Inkelmann in November 1854, the Russian army faced the enemy's superior firepower. During the attack, it dispersed its infantry columns into skirmish lines and passed through the enemy's fire control zone with minimal losses. , charge when approaching the enemy and destroy the enemy with the bayonet. However, this new tactic did not receive the attention of the military of various countries at the time. For a long time, this skirmishing tactic was ridiculed by the military of various countries as an act of cowardice.

A similar situation occurred during the American Civil War. In the early days of the war, the formally trained Northern Army soldiers still mechanically followed the infantry drill regulations in the open field, maintaining the pace and forming a dense linear formation. As a result, they became living targets for the Southern Army soldiers to shoot. The irregular Confederate soldiers dispersed into small groups during the battle, with a certain distance between each two soldiers. When the officer waved his saber and gave the order to charge, all the soldiers moved forward quickly. Although the team was neither neat nor orderly, the effect was very good. Later, he also learned to use skirmishing tactics and dealt a heavy blow to the Confederate Army in a dignified formation. The disastrous defeat of the Confederate Army in the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 was related to this change in the tactical formation.

This kind of skirmishing tactics was officially recognized in the Turkish-Russian War of 1877-1878. The specific method of skirmishing tactics is: when the infantry meets the enemy within the range of enemy artillery fire, it moves in a spread-out formation; when it reaches the enemy's rifle When the fire was within range, they spread out into skirmish lines of small groups. The skirmishers fired while using the terrain to leap forward. After the soldiers in the front arrived at the starting position for the attack, the artillery behind them prepared firepower by overtaking the artillery bombardment. Then the infantry jumped out of the position and charged the enemy with bayonets in hand. During the charge, the infantry used intensive rifle fire to cover themselves and kill the enemy. But at this time, there were also many conservative generals who opposed skirmishing tactics, emphasizing that standing up straight and charging was a brave act, while crawling with a low body was a cowardly act. However, their prejudices only resulted in unnecessary sacrifices of soldiers. Skirmishing tactics gradually became the basic style of army combat formations in the following decades.

Tribal Guard War Game Guide

Leave a comment , , , ,

"Tribal Guard" is a tower defense strategy game launched by Tencent. Below we will introduce the game guide for novice players so that everyone can have a better understanding of this game.

1. Things to do online every day (see activity level for details)

1 Online gift pack + reputation gift pack + privilege gift pack + activity level

(Online gift packs can be collected many times a day, and prestige gift packs start at 8 o'clock every day)

2. Harvest on the farm + sow seeds + collect coupons + feed the dragon (calculate the time, it is best to be online when the time is up)

3 points of residential gold coins (deposit up to 3 times, 9 hours)

4 Invite friends (space 6 point coupons + Q + 4 point coupons + friend network 4 point coupons)

5-bone hunting + using pick knife (it is recommended to refresh the hunting until a large number of bird dragons appear, this can be done once every 8 hours at most. If time does not allow, you can choose other large numbers)

6. Training (3 times a day, 10 minutes each time. You can use this time to do other things, such as treasure hunting, etc.)

7 alliance benefits + offering crystals + signing up for Nanman

8 Hero training (if you can be ordinary, then be ordinary, if the level reaches the upper limit, then be advanced)

Defend the tribe download and install_Defend the tribe_Defend the tribe 1

9. Technology upgrade (calculate the time, it will turn red if it is greater than 4 hours)

10 treasure hunt (a lot of gems + bone fragments + strengthened crystals, if you have money, give priority to this)

11 Trials (Two times a day are very important, you can refresh and start from the beginning, preferably after the training is over, this time will be longer, you can do other things or hang up)

12 arenas (10 times a day, 800 reputation, get them all when you have time)

13 market transactions (refreshed every 2 hours, you can trade 3 times a day, it is recommended to choose urgent needs, it is best to ask others)

14 Mist Hunting Ground (it will appear 5 times after beating 10-5. It is more difficult to beat level 3. It is best to use Baidu or ask others)

15 Raiders of the Lost Ark (11:30-2 points, 21:30-0 points, if you have time, it is recommended to complete it 3 times, reputation + gold coins)

16 Harvest Hunting Grounds (these can be saved for up to 3 days, and the excess will disappear)

17 Sheep hunting + jungle hunting (at least once wild hunting, activity level requirement, hunting sheep depends on yourself)

18 Hunting grounds (depending on mood and ability)

2. Specific uses and recommended levels of each building

Defend the tribe_Defend the tribe 1_Defend the tribe download and install

1 Hall: Produce gold coins, hang up and get gold coins to save time and effort as the level reaches full level

2 Barracks: Increased combat power and the number of soldiers stored increase with the level.

3. Training Ground: The number of additional soldiers increases with the level.

4 Oracle Tower: Research technology. If you have enough money, you can research as many levels as you want. If you are short of money, don’t click on it yet.

5 Training Hall: Add hero experience and can be offline.If you have enough manpower and few coupons, you will be rewarded with the level. If you are short of manpower and you have too many coupons, you will not need to use them.

6 Gem House: Increase the number of treasure hunts. If you have money, please fill it up with the level. If you don’t have money, use less. It is recommended that you reach the full level.

7 Bone Square: Strengthen the upper limit of the level of enhancement. Don’t point it too high. Point it according to the condition of the bone fragments.

8 Market: Increase the amount of each transaction, and click again after the points are full with the level.

9 Residential Houses: Increase the number of gold coins produced. It is recommended to increase the number of gold coins as the level increases (it is important to mention that residential buildings of the same level consume less manpower. CD is the same as other buildings, which can alleviate the lack of manpower. The higher the level, the deeper the experience)

10 Altar: Research talents (hunting ground + combat). If you like hunting ground, you can level it up. If you don't like hunting, you can choose later.

11 City Gate: Increase the number of fireballs. Personally, I don’t think it’s necessary to click too high, so I won’t click it.

Defend the tribe download and install_Defend the tribe 1_Defend the tribe

12 Yi Pavilion: Reduces the time for reinforcements to arrive. Personally, I think it has a mediocre effect, so don’t order it too high.

The order of upgrading buildings (personal recommendation) is mainly to increase combat power quickly.

Hall, barracks, training ground, residence, gem house, oracle, tower, bone workshop, training hall, market altar

3. The uses and methods of obtaining various general resources and items

Manpower: used to upgrade buildings and donate to alliances.Obtained from hunting ground X-1

Gold coins: used for scientific and technological research, strengthening equipment, and recruiting soldiers.Passed the hall, residential houses, hunted hunting ground X-2, hunted sheep, and farm

Get gift packs etc.

Bone fragments: used to strengthen equipment. Obtained from Hunting Ground , if all are successful, please do not click to get it directly, wait until the next day and use it 3 times to double it, you can get a huge number of bone fragments, 2^n is not a joke)

Hero Strengthening Crystal: To strengthen the hero, beat Hunting Ground X-4 and purchase in the mall.

Mark: used for equipment promotion, obtained through trial levels 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 (twice a day, Miracle +1, Torch +1)

Yuanbao: used to purchase mall props, speed up the queue, open the queue, etc. Obtained by recharging (non-RMB players don’t need to worry about it)

Defend the tribe_Defend the tribe download and install_Defend the tribe 1

Points: Used to purchase props, speed up the queue, open the queue, etc. Feed the dragon 10 times on the farm and harvest once every 20 hours. (You need a lot of diligent friends to help you feed it)

Reputation: Used to advance heroes. Obtained through hunting grounds, trials, arenas, alliance benefits, market transactions, daily gift packs, two levels in the foggy hunting grounds, jungle tasks, etc. (the most lacking thing after advanced levels, the temple can provide a lot of reputation)

Hero experience: used to upgrade heroes.Obtained through hero training, jungle, trials, market transactions, etc.

(The higher the level, the higher the combat power is)

Drops from wild monsters: used for market transactions, obtained from jungle

Combat strength composition and improvement

Technology research: It is recommended to click as many points as possible, from low to high, and pay attention to the timing.

Barracks: It is recommended to give priority to upgrading the barracks and only use manpower.

Strengthening: It is recommended to upgrade the set first and then gradually strengthen it. The higher the level of strengthening, the more bone fragments are needed to upgrade the equipment set.

Gems: Greatly improve combat power, each piece of equipment can be inlaid with 4 gems.

(Be sure to fill all the equipment with gems before starting to upgrade the gems. Upgrade to a 4-base system. When 4 is full, 1 will enter)

Heroes: Mainly hero levels and strengthening crystals

Defend the tribe_Defend the tribe 1_Defend the tribe download and install

(Please note that when consuming 1 or 3 crystals, all heroes must use them equally. When 5 crystals are needed, you can choose a hero to focus on strengthening)

Equipment: Mainly suit level and enhanced level

(Be sure to advance first and then become stronger. Trials can be refreshed and replayed. You must not miss them twice a day)

Principle: The sum of the number of soldiers + combat power can be greater than the corresponding value of the layer. 40 layers: 4.5W 60 layers: 10W

Number of troops to lead: I won’t explain this. Training of troops is a must, from low to high.

Quick upgrade guide:

1. Estimate the construction time, and it will be online just in time.

2. If you have enough manpower, please open the second queue of the double queue with 50 points for 3 days. Non-RMB players can open it continuously by feeding the dragon.

3. There is insufficient manpower and dual queues are enabled. Please click on the residence to temporarily alleviate the manpower shortage.

4. The farm only grows the first one that adds experience for free.

After reading the guide to the Tribal Guard War game, do you think this game is out of the question? Then hurry up and try it out for yourself.