General History of Modern World – World Politics, Economy and Ideology before and after World War II. Exploration of the modernization model of the 20th century. Innovation and adjustment of world civilization before World War II. Evolution and expansion of world civilization after World War II. Coexistence and competition of two social systems and the international political and economic situation. Evolution of world civilization before World War II, innovation and adjustment of the 20th century modernization model. The first half of the 20th century (October Revolution to World War II) is the first stage of world modern history. The coexistence of two social systems is typical of this period. The characteristics of the October Revolution were the first victorious socialist revolution in human history. It turned social and political socialism from theory into reality, opened up a new path for human development, and marked the beginning of modern world history. The beginning of Soviet Russia. The exploration of the road to socialist construction has had successes and mistakes, but it has achieved great economic achievements, which has kicked off the long-term oppositional struggle between the two social systems: in the face of the economic crisis of 1929-1939, capitalist countries have changed their economic model. Adjustments were made and the policy of state intervention in the economy began to be implemented. State monopoly capitalism began to produce the rise of modernist literature and art, which highlighted the spiritual emptiness and confusion of human beings in a culture with highly developed productivity; the theory of relativity and quantum theory as the main content The birth of modern science has greatly promoted the development of productive forces. The Russian October Revolution and the construction of socialism in the Soviet Union (Union) 1. The victory of the Russian October Revolution (1) Conditions: ① Subjective: The proletariat is highly revolutionary; the proletarian political party is mature; the poor people have become revolutionary allies. ② Objective: Russia has entered the imperialist stage; it is in a backward position among the Western powers. Social contradictions are acute; World War I intensified social contradictions.

2) Process: ① "February Revolution": Overthrew the Romanov dynasty and established the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. ② "April Theses": Put forward the task of transforming from bourgeois democratic revolution to socialist revolution. ③ Petrograd workers and soldiers launched an uprising: overthrowing the provisional government. ④Convene the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies: pass the Peace Decree and the Land Decree, and elect the Council of People’s Commissars. (3) Significance: Successfully established the first socialist country in human history. 2. Lenin’s Exploration – From Wartime Communism Policy to New Economic Policy Wartime Communism Policy 1919~1921 New Economic Policy 1921~1925 Background The Soviet regime faced domestic and foreign enemies. The wartime communist policy caused difficulties for farmers not to attack. In order to defeat domestic and foreign enemies, consolidate the Soviet Union, quickly restore the economy destroyed by the war, consolidate the Soviet power, implement a surplus grain collection system in agriculture, implement a fixed grain tax, nationalize industry, and adopt leasing. In the form of transfer and lease, state capitalist circulation was implemented to eliminate commodity trade, and a physical distribution system was implemented. "No one who does not work is allowed to buy and sell goods. The implementation of free trade meets the needs of wartime, maximizes financial resources, and ensures the success of military struggles." Victory restored Soviet Russia's economy 3. "Stalin Model" (1) Reasons for formation ① External: surrounded by imperialist countries and threatened by war ② Internal: relatively backward economic and cultural levels. (2) Content ① Give priority to the development of heavy industry. ② Implement a single public ownership; implement a highly centralized planned economy; exclude the market from the command planned economy; use administrative means to manage the economy. ③ Promote agricultural collectivization movement (3) Established: After industrialization and agricultural collectivization, the Soviet Union implemented the five steps of national economic development plan, the Stalin system was established in the mid-1930s. (4) Characteristics: Implementing a highly centralized economic management system. (5) Evaluation ① The Soviet Union was able to allocate and use all resources according to the plan and quickly achieve industrialization ② It surpassed It lowered the productivity level of the Soviet Union and had a negative impact on economic construction. ③ It was an important reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union.